Abstract Non-market practices and institutions make up much of every economy. Even in today's most developed capitalist societies, people produce things that are not for sale and allocate them through sharing, gifts, and redistribution rather than buying and selling. This article is about why and how ecological economists should study these non-market economies. Historically, markets only emerge when states forcibly create them; community members do not tend to spontaneously start selling each other goods and services. Markets work well for coordinating complex industrial webs to satisfy individual tastes, but they are not appropriate for governing the production or distribution of entities that are non-rival, non-excludable, not produced for sale, essential need satisfiers, or culturally important. Moreover, we argue, markets do not serve justice, sustainability, efficiency, or value pluralism, the foundations of ecological economics. We sketch an agenda for research on economic practices and institutions without markets by posing nine broad questions about non-market food systems and exploring the evidence and theory around each. By ignoring and demeaning non-market economies, researchers contribute to creating markets' dominance over social life. Observing, analyzing, theorizing, supporting, promoting, creating, and envisioning non-market economies challenges market hegemony.

中文翻译：

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超越市场的生态经济学

摘要 非市场实践和制度构成了每个经济体的大部分内容。即使在当今最发达的资本主义社会，人们也生产非出售的物品，并通过分享、馈赠和再分配而不是买卖来分配它们。这篇文章是关于生态经济学家为什么以及如何研究这些非市场经济。从历史上看，市场只有在国家强行创造时才会出现；社区成员不会自发地开始互相销售商品和服务。市场可以很好地协调复杂的工业网络以满足个人品味，但它们不适用于管理非竞争性、非排他性、非生产销售、基本需求满足或文化上重要的实体的生产或分销。此外，我们认为，市场不为生态经济学的基础——正义、可持续性、效率或价值多元化服务。我们通过提出关于非市场粮食系统的九个广泛问题并围绕每个问题探索证据和理论，勾勒出研究没有市场的经济实践和制度的议程。通过忽视和贬低非市场经济，研究人员有助于创造市场对社会生活的主导地位。观察、分析、理论化、支持、促进、创造和设想非市场经济挑战市场霸权。我们通过提出关于非市场粮食系统的九个广泛问题并围绕每个问题探索证据和理论，勾勒出研究没有市场的经济实践和制度的议程。通过忽视和贬低非市场经济，研究人员有助于创造市场对社会生活的主导地位。观察、分析、理论化、支持、促进、创造和设想非市场经济挑战市场霸权。我们通过提出关于非市场粮食系统的九个广泛问题并围绕每个问题探索证据和理论，勾勒出研究没有市场的经济实践和制度的议程。通过忽视和贬低非市场经济，研究人员有助于创造市场对社会生活的主导地位。观察、分析、理论化、支持、促进、创造和设想非市场经济挑战市场霸权。