Life history strategies shape many aspects of species’ ecological importance and population demographics. For ectotherms, life history strategies are highly dependent on temperature, among other environmental conditions. With projected increases in global temperatures, understanding the success of organisms under warmer conditions is critical. Due to the difficulty of establishing long-term heating studies on whole lake systems, there is little empirical evidence addressing the potential changes in life history strategies of fish in situ in response to future climate warming predictions. Here, we study early growth rates, size-at-maturation, maximum adult size, and lifespan of bluegill sunfish in three lakes in Illinois from 2013 to 2017 that experience above-ambient temperatures year-round due to artificial heating by electrical power plant cooling systems and compare these to populations in three nearby ambient lakes. Temperature changes in the heated lakes are within the range of temperature increases predicted by the year 2100. We find evidence that life history strategies and population demographics are substantially affected by warmer environments. Heated populations showed 22% faster first-year growth, 23% shorter lifespans, greater rates of maturation at small body sizes, and over a 4-fold reduction in the relative number of individuals that reach large sizes. Changes in life history strategies, including lifespan and maximum sizes, will be evident across many fish species under warmer conditions in the future and further research should aim to address how these changes will affect trophic interactions.

中文翻译：

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持续变暖的温度导致蓝鳃太阳鱼（Lepomis macrochirus）的生活史发生变化

生活史策略塑造了物种生态重要性和人口统计的许多方面。对于变温动物，生活史策略高度依赖于温度以及其他环境条件。随着全球气温预计升高，了解生物在温暖条件下的成功至关重要。由于很难对整个湖泊系统进行长期加热研究，因此几乎没有经验证据可以解决原地鱼类生活史策略的潜在变化，以响应未来的气候变暖预测。在这里，我们研究早期生长率、成熟时的大小、最大成虫大小、2013 年至 2017 年伊利诺伊州三个湖泊中蓝鳃太阳鱼的寿命和寿命，由于发电厂冷却系统的人工加热，这些湖泊全年温度高于环境温度，并将这些与附近三个环境湖泊中的种群进行比较。加热湖泊的温度变化在 2100 年预测的温度升高范围内。我们发现证据表明生活史策略和人口统计数据受到温暖环境的显着影响。受热种群的第一年增长速度提高了 22%，寿命缩短了 23%，体型较小时的成熟率更高，并且体型较大的个体的相对数量减少了 4 倍以上。生活史策略的变化，包括寿命和最大尺寸，