Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular malignant tumor in adults with an extremely high mortality rate. Genetic and epigenetic dysregulation contribute to the development of UM. Recent discoveries have revealed dysregulation of the expression levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) as one of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying UM tumorigenesis. Based on their roles, miRNAs are characterized as either oncogenic or tumor suppressive. This review focuses on the roles of miRNAs in UM tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis, as well as their therapeutic potentials. Particularly, the actions of collective miRNAs are summarized with respect to their involvement in major, aberrant signaling pathways that are implicated in the development and progression of UM. Elucidation of the underlying functional mechanisms and biological aspects of miRNA dysregulation in UM is invaluable in the development of miRNA-based therapeutics, which may be used in combination with conventional treatments to improve therapeutic outcomes. In addition, the expression levels of some miRNAs are correlated with UM initiation and progression and, therefore, may be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.

葡萄膜黑色素瘤（UM）是成人最常见的眼内恶性肿瘤，死亡率极高。遗传和表观遗传失调导致 UM 的发生。最近的发现揭示了 microRNA (miRNA) 表达水平的失调是 UM 肿瘤发生的表观遗传机制之一。根据其作用，miRNA 被分为致癌性或肿瘤抑制性。本综述重点关注 miRNA 在 UM 肿瘤发生、诊断和预后中的作用及其治疗潜力。特别是，总结了集体 miRNA 参与 UM 发生和进展的主要异常信号通路的作用。阐明 UM 中 miRNA 失调的潜在功能机制和生物学方面对于开发基于 miRNA 的治疗方法非常有价值，该治疗方法可与常规治疗结合使用以改善治疗结果。此外，一些 miRNA 的表达水平与 UM 的起始和进展相关，因此可用作诊断和预后的生物标志物。