There is a lot of interest in the development of new, safer and more sustainable polar aprotic solvents due to their importance in industrial applications and significant safety issues with the most commonly used examples. One such area of application is in pharmaceutically relevant C–C coupling reactions, where polar aprotic solvents are commonly used for solubility and to stabilise reaction intermediates. Although there are now a number of excellent alternatives in the literature, to date they have not been compared in a single study. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the green solvents N-butylpyrrolidinone (NBP), γ-valerolactone (GVL), propylene carbonate (PC) and dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene) in Heck and Baylis–Hillman reactions. Good conversions and initial rates were observed in GVL and NBP in Heck reactions. Cyrene exhibited high initial rates of reaction and high yields in the Baylis–Hillman reaction. This demonstrates Cyrene to be a promising alternative polar aprotic solvent for this reaction.

中文翻译：

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直接比较安全或可持续的替代偶极非质子溶剂用于碳-碳键形成

由于新型非极性非质子溶剂在工业应用中的重要性以及最常用的例子中存在的重大安全问题，因此人们对新型非极性非质子溶剂的开发产生了浓厚的兴趣。这样的应用领域之一是与药物相关的C–C偶联反应，其中极性非质子溶剂通常用于溶解度和稳定反应中间体。尽管现在文献中有许多出色的替代方法，但迄今为止，尚未在一项研究中对它们​​进行比较。这项研究证明了绿色溶剂N的有效性-丁基吡咯烷酮（NBP），γ-戊内酯（GVL），碳酸亚丙酯（PC）和二氢左旋葡萄糖苷（Cyrene）在Heck和Baylis-Hillman反应中。在Heck反应中，在GVL和NBP中观察到良好的转化率和初始速率。yr在Baylis-Hillman反应中显示出高的初始反应速率和高产率。这表明C是该反应的有希望的替代极性非质子溶剂。