Nanosystems have shown encouraging outcomes and substantial progress in the areas of drug delivery and biomedical applications. However, the controlled and targeted delivery of drugs or genes can be limited due to their physicochemical and functional properties. In this regard, core–shell type nanoparticles are promising nanocarrier systems for controlled and targeted drug delivery applications. These functional nanoparticles are emerging as a particular class of nanosystems because of their unique advantages, including high surface area, and easy surface modification and functionalization. Such unique advantages can facilitate the use of core–shell nanoparticles for the selective mingling of two or more different functional properties in a single nanosystem to achieve the desired physicochemical properties that are essential for effective targeted drug delivery. Several types of core–shell nanoparticles, such as metallic, magnetic, silica-based, upconversion, and carbon-based core–shell nanoparticles, have been designed and developed for drug delivery applications. Keeping the scope, demand, and challenges in view, the present review explores state-of-the-art developments and advances in core–shell nanoparticle systems, the desired structure–property relationships, newly generated properties, the effects of parameter control, surface modification, and functionalization, and, last but not least, their promising applications in the fields of drug delivery, biomedical applications, and tissue engineering. This review also supports significant future research for developing multi-core and shell-based functional nanosystems to investigate nano-therapies that are needed for advanced, precise, and personalized healthcare systems.

中文翻译：

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核-壳纳米结构：药物输送应用的前景。

纳米系统在药物输送和生物医学应用领域显示出令人鼓舞的成果并取得了实质性进展。但是，由于药物或基因的物理化学和功能特性，它们的受控递送和靶向递送可能受到限制。在这方面，核-壳型纳米颗粒是用于受控和靶向药物输送应用的有前途的纳米载体系统。这些功能纳米粒子由于其独特的优势（包括高表面积，易于表面修饰和功能化）而成为一类特殊的纳米系统。这些独特的优势可以促进核壳纳米粒子在单个纳米系统中选择性混合两种或多种不同功能特性的应用，以实现所需的理化特性，这对于有效靶向药物的递送至关重要。已经设计和开发了几种类型的核壳纳米颗粒，例如金属，磁性，二氧化硅，上转换和碳基核壳纳米颗粒，用于药物输送应用。鉴于范围，需求和挑战，本综述探讨了核-壳纳米粒子系统的最新发展和进展，所需的结构-性质关系，新生成的性质，参数控制的效果，表面修改和功能化，最后但并非最不重要的是 它们在药物输送，生物医学应用和组织工程领域的应用前景广阔。这篇评论还为开发多核和基于外壳的功能纳米系统以研究先进，精确和个性化医疗系统所需的纳米疗法提供了重要的未来研究。