Habitats characterized by geographic isolation such as islands have been studied using different organisms as models for understanding the dynamic and insular patterns of biodiversity. Determinants of parasite richness in insular host populations have been conducted mainly with mammals and birds, showing that parasite richness decreases in insular areas. In the present study, we predicted that the type of environment (insular or continental) can influence the richness, diversity and abundance of parasites associated with the endemic frog Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824). We sampled frogs in two insular and two mainland fragments to survey their helminth parasites. The total richness was composed of 15 taxa of Nematoda and two of Acanthocephala, and the community composition of the two islands had more similarities between them than the two mainland localities. The insular effect was positive for richness and abundance of helminths, and no significant effect was observed on helminth diversity – even the mean diversity presented high numbers for the islands. We presumed that insular hosts could have lost some parasites in the colonization process when these continental islands were separated from the mainland, approximately 11,000 years ago. However, the high richness and abundance on islands can be explained by an epidemiological argument, which considers high population density due to insularity and other features of the host as factors that increase parasite transmission success among individuals.

中文翻译：

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大陆和岛屿栖息地之间的差异会影响与地方性青蛙 Haddadus binotatus 相关的寄生虫群落吗？

以地理隔离为特征的栖息地（例如岛屿）已使用不同的生物作为模型进行研究，以了解生物多样性的动态和孤立模式。岛屿宿主种群中寄生虫丰富度的决定因素主要针对哺乳动物和鸟类，表明岛屿地区的寄生虫丰富度下降。在本研究中，我们预测环境类型（岛屿或大陆）会影响与地方性青蛙相关的寄生虫的丰富度、多样性和丰度。鲶鱼（斯皮克斯，1824 年）。我们在两个岛屿和两个大陆碎片中对青蛙进行了采样，以调查它们的蠕虫寄生虫。总丰富度由15个线虫类群和2个棘头目类群组成，两岛群落组成比大陆两地更相似。岛屿效应对蠕虫的丰富度和丰度是积极的，并且没有观察到对蠕虫多样性的显着影响——即使是平均多样性也为岛屿提供了很高的数量。我们推测，大约 11,000 年前，当这些大陆岛屿与大陆分离时，岛屿宿主可能在殖民过程中失去了一些寄生虫。然而，岛屿上的丰富度和丰度可以用流行病学论据来解释，