Coffee is one of the most widely grown cash crops globally, but there are few scientific articles on its carbon footprint and water scarcity impacts. The aim of this study was to assess the carbon footprint and water scarcity impacts throughout the life cycle of the coffee chain (cradle-to-grave) and to identify the most important sources of the impacts (hotspots). The system included all the key stages of the supply chain from land use change and coffee cultivation to roasting and household consumption. Primary data was collected from eight coffee cultivation farms in Brazil, Nicaragua, Colombia and Honduras and coffee roastery and packaging manufacturers in Finland. The AWARE method was applied in a water scarcity impact assessment. The carbon footprint varied from 0.27 to 0.70 kg CO2 eq/l coffee. The share of the coffee cultivation stage varied from 32 to 78% and the consumption stage from 19 to 49%. The use of fertilizers was the most important process contributing to the carbon footprint. Furthermore, deforestation-related emissions notably increased the carbon footprint of coffee from Nicaragua. Compared with the previous literature, our results indicate a relatively larger share of climate impacts in the cultivation stage and less during consumption. The water scarcity impact was relatively low for non-irrigated systems in Central America, 0.02 m3 eq/l coffee. On Brazilian farms, irrigation is a major contributor to the water scarcity impact, varying from 0.15 to 0.27 m3 eq/l coffee. Improving the management practices in cultivation and fertilization is key for lower GHG emissions. Irrigation optimization is the most important mitigation strategy to reduce water scarcity impact. However, actions to reduce these two impacts should be executed side by side to avoid shifting burdens between the two.

中文翻译：

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芬兰咖啡消费的碳足迹和水足迹——生命周期评估

咖啡是全球种植最广泛的经济作物之一，但关于其碳足迹和缺水影响的科学文章很少。本研究的目的是评估咖啡链整个生命周期（从摇篮到坟墓）的碳足迹和水资源短缺影响，并确定影响的最重要来源（热点）。该系统包括供应链的所有关键阶段，从土地利用变化和咖啡种植到烘焙和家庭消费。主要数据来自巴西、尼加拉瓜、哥伦比亚和洪都拉斯的八个咖啡种植农场以及芬兰的咖啡烘焙和包装制造商。AWARE 方法被应用于缺水影响评估。碳足迹从 0.27 到 0.70 kg CO2 eq/l 咖啡不等。咖啡种植阶段的份额从 32% 到 78% 不等，消费阶段的份额从 19% 到 49%。化肥的使用是造成碳足迹的最重要过程。此外，与森林砍伐相关的排放显着增加了尼加拉瓜咖啡的碳足迹。与之前的文献相比，我们的结果表明，栽培阶段的气候影响份额相对较大，消费阶段的气候影响较小。对于中美洲的非灌溉系统，缺水影响相对较低，为 0.02 立方米当量/升咖啡。在巴西农场，灌溉是造成缺水影响的主要因素，从 0.15 到 0.27 立方米当量/升咖啡不等。改善种植和施肥管理实践是降低温室气体排放的关键。灌溉优化是减少水资源短缺影响的最重要的缓解策略。然而，减少这两种影响的行动应该并行执行，以避免在两者之间转移负担。