The effective radiative forcing (ERF) of anthropogenic gases and aerosols under present-day conditions relative to preindustrial conditions is estimated using the Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0 (MRI-ESM2.0) as part of the Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP) and Aerosol and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP), endorsed by the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The global mean total anthropogenic net ERF estimate at the top of the atmosphere is 1.96 W m⁻² and is composed primarily of positive forcings due to carbon dioxide (1.85 W m⁻²), methane (0.71 W m⁻²), and halocarbons (0.30 W m⁻²) and negative forcing due to the total aerosols (− 1.22 W m⁻²). The total aerosol ERF consists of 23% from aerosol-radiation interactions (− 0.32 W m⁻²), 71% from aerosol-cloud interactions (− 0.98 W m⁻²), and slightly from surface albedo changes caused by aerosols (0.08 W m⁻²). The ERFs due to aerosol-radiation interactions consist of opposing contributions from light-absorbing black carbon (BC) (0.25 W m⁻²) and from light-scattering sulfate (− 0.48 W m⁻²) and organic aerosols (− 0.07 W m⁻²) and are pronounced over emission source regions. The ERFs due to aerosol-cloud interactions (ERFaci) are prominent over the source and downwind regions, caused by increases in the number concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplets in low-level clouds. Concurrently, increases in the number concentration of ice crystals in high-level clouds (temperatures < –38 °C), primarily induced by anthropogenic BC aerosols, particularly over tropical convective regions, cause both substantial negative shortwave and positive longwave ERFaci values in MRI-ESM2.0. These distinct forcings largely cancel each other; however, significant longwave radiative heating of the atmosphere caused by high-level ice clouds suggests the importance of further studies on the interactions of aerosols with ice clouds. Total anthropogenic net ERFs are almost entirely positive over the Arctic due to contributions from the surface albedo reductions caused by BC. In the Arctic, BC provides the second largest contribution to the positive ERFs after carbon dioxide, suggesting a possible important role of BC in Arctic surface warming.

中文翻译：

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MRI-ESM2.0中对人为气体和气溶胶的整体和北极有效辐射强迫

使用气象研究所地球系统模型版本2.0（MRI-ESM2.0）作为辐射强迫模型比较项目（ RFMIP）和气溶胶与化学模型比对项目（AerChemMIP），并获得耦合模型比对项目（CMIP6）第六阶段的认可。大气层顶部的全球平均人为净总ERF估算值为1.96 W m ^-2，主要由二氧化碳（1.85 W m ^-2），甲烷（0.71 W m ^-2）和卤代烃引起的正强迫构成（0.30瓦米^-2）和由于总气溶胶（-1.22 W m ^-2）产生的负强迫。总的气溶胶ERF包括气溶胶-辐射相互作用（-0.32 W m ^-2）的23％，气溶胶-云相互作用（-0.98 W m ^-2）的71％以及由气溶胶引起的表面反照率变化（0.08 W） m ^-2）。气溶胶-辐射相互作用产生的ERF包括吸光黑碳（BC）（0.25 W m ^-2）和光散射硫酸盐（-0.48 W m ^-2）和有机气溶胶（-0.07 W m ）的相反贡献。⁻²），并在排放源区域上明显。气溶胶-云相互作用（ERFaci）导致的ERF在源区和顺风区均很突出，这是由于低层云中的云凝结核和云滴的数量浓度增加所致。同时，主要由人为的BC气溶胶引起的高云（温度<–38°C）中冰晶数量的增加，特别是在热带对流地区，导致MRI-A中的基本短波ERFaci值和负长波正值ESM2.0。这些不同的强迫在很大程度上相互抵消。然而，由高水平的冰云引起的大气的长波辐射加热显着，表明了进一步研究气溶胶与冰云相互作用的重要性。由于BC造成的表面反照率减少，人为产生的净ERF总数在北极几乎完全为正。在北极，不列颠哥伦比亚省对正ERF的贡献第二大，仅次于二氧化碳，这表明不列颠哥伦比亚省在北极表面变暖中可能发挥重要作用。