The mouse primary visual cortex (V1) has emerged as a classical system to study neural circuit mechanisms underlying visual function and plasticity. A variety of efferent-afferent neuronal connections exists within the V1 and between the V1 and higher visual cortical areas or thalamic nuclei, indicating that the V1 system is more than a mere receiver in information processing. Sensory representations in the V1 are dynamically correlated with neural activity oscillations that are distributed across different cortical layers in an input-dependent manner. Circuits consisting of excitatory pyramidal cells (PCs) and inhibitory interneurons (INs) are the basis for generating neural oscillations. In general, INs are clustered with their adjacent PCs to form specific microcircuits that gate or filter the neural information. The interaction between these two cell populations has to be coordinated within a local circuit in order to preserve neural coding schemes and maintain excitation–inhibition (E–I) balance. Phasic alternations of the E–I balance can dynamically regulate temporal rhythms of neural oscillation. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that the two major sub-types of INs, parvalbumin-expressing (PV⁺) cells and somatostatin-expressing (SOM⁺) INs, are active in controlling slow and fast oscillations, respectively, in the mouse V1. The review summarizes recent experimental findings on elucidating cellular or circuitry mechanisms for the generation of neural oscillations with distinct rhythms in either developing or matured mouse V1, mainly focusing on visual relaying circuits and distinct local inhibitory circuits.

小鼠初级视觉皮层 (V1) 已成为研究视觉功能和可塑性的神经回路机制的经典系统。V1 内以及 V1 与更高的视觉皮层区域或丘脑核之间存在各种传出 - 传入神经元连接，这表明 V1 系统不仅仅是信息处理中的接收器。V1 中的感觉表征与以输入依赖的方式分布在不同皮质层的神经活动振荡动态相关。由兴奋性锥体细胞 (PC) 和抑制性中间神经元 (IN) 组成的电路是产生神经振荡的基础。一般来说，IN 与其相邻的 PC 聚集在一起，形成特定的微电路，用于门控或过滤神经信息。这两个细胞群之间的相互作用必须在局部回路内进行协调，以保持神经编码方案并保持兴奋-抑制 (E-I) 平衡。E-I 平衡的阶段性交替可以动态调节神经振荡的时间节律。积累的实验证据表明，两种主要的 INs 亚型，表达小白蛋白（PV⁺ ) 细胞和表达生长抑素 (SOM ⁺ ) INs，分别在小鼠 V1 中有效控制慢速和快速振荡。该综述总结了最近关于阐明在发育中或成熟的小鼠 V1 中产生具有不同节律的神经振荡的细胞或电路机制的实验结果，主要关注视觉中继电路和不同的局部抑制电路。