Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are endosome organelles that are gradually attracting research attention. Initially, MVBs were considered as important components of the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway. In recent years, with an increase in extracellular vesicle (EV) research, the biogenesis, fate, and pathological effects of MVBs have been increasingly studied. However, the mechanisms by which MVBs are sorted to the lysosome and plasma membrane remain unclear. In addition, whether the trafficking of MVBs can determine whether exosomes are released from cells, the factors are involved in cargo loading and regulating the fate of MVBs, and the roles that MVBs play in the development of disease are unknown. Consequently, this review focuses on the mechanism of MVB biogenesis, intraluminal vesicle formation, sorting of different cargoes, and regulation of their fate. We also discuss the mechanisms of emerging amphisome-dependent secretion and degradation. In addition, we highlight the contributions of MVBs to the heterogeneity of EVs, and their important roles in cancer. Thus, we attempt to unravel the various functions of MVBs in the cell and their multiple roles in tumor progression.

中文翻译：

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关注多泡体的形态发生、命运和在肿瘤进展中的作用。

多泡体 (MVB) 是逐渐引起研究关注的内体细胞器。最初，MVBs 被认为是内体-溶酶体降解途径的重要组成部分。近年来，随着细胞外囊泡 (EV) 研究的增加，对 MVB 的生物发生、命运和病理影响的研究越来越多。然而，MVBs 被分类到溶酶体和质膜的机制仍不清楚。此外，MVBs的运输是否可以决定外泌体是否从细胞中释放出来，参与货物装载和调节MVBs命运的因素以及MVBs在疾病发展中的作用尚不清楚。因此，本综述侧重于 MVB 生物发生的机制、腔内囊泡的形成、不同货物的分选、和调节他们的命运。我们还讨论了新兴的依赖两性体的分泌和降解的机制。此外，我们强调了 MVB 对 EV 异质性的贡献，以及它们在癌症中的重要作用。因此，我们试图阐明 MVB 在细胞中的各种功能及其在肿瘤进展中的多重作用。