Abstract Unassisted photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for hydrogen evolution has been regarded as a sustainable route for the harvest and utilization of solar energy. To achieve such unassisted PEC water splitting, two novel integrated strategies have been developed: to design tandem structures of photoanodes/photocathodes and to construct hybrid devices of solar/PEC cells. Some key unsolved problems, however, still limit the further development of high-performance unassisted PEC water splitting, such as low efficiency, poor stability, and high cost. Herein, we present a brief summary of the latest development in this area and propose perspectives for further enhancing this state-of-the-art solar-to‑hydrogen conversion technology, including all-metal oxide photoelectrodes, nanoarray design, surface modification, device coupling, monolithic configuration, and multi-integration.

中文翻译：

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高效稳定的无辅助光电化学水分解的新型集成策略

摘要 用于析氢的无辅助光电化学（PEC）水分解被认为是获取和利用太阳能的可持续途径。为了实现这种无辅助的 PEC 水分解，已经开发了两种新的集成策略：设计光阳极/光电阴极的串联结构和构建太阳能/PEC 电池的混合装置。然而，一些尚未解决的关键问题仍然限制了高性能无辅助PEC水分解的进一步发展，例如效率低、稳定性差和成本高。在此，我们简要总结了该领域的最新发展，并提出了进一步增强这种最先进的太阳能到氢转换技术的前景，包括全金属氧化物光电极、纳米阵列设计、表面改性、器件耦合，