Abstract For a long time, the rich bone industries of the Upper Palaeolithic were opposed to the opportunistic Neandertal bone tools among which the bone retoucher was the most common type. The recent finding of a few shaped bone tools into Mousterian contexts has been taken as an emergence of a “modern behaviour”. However, this outlook is based on biased corpuses. On one side, the large number of unshaped bone tools recently discovered in Upper Palaeolithic assemblages leads us to reconsider what a bone industry can be. On the other side, the increasing discoveries of bone tools in more ancient contexts indicates that this type of production is not strictly linked to Homo sapiens. Chagyrskaya cave, located in the Siberian Altai, brings us the opportunity to discuss this question. Dated around 50,000 years BP, the site yielded a local facies of Mousterian lithic industry associated to several Neandertal remains. A technological and functional analysis of the faunal remains reveal more than one thousand bone tools. Most are retouchers, but a significant part belongs to other morpho-functional categories: intermediate tools, retouched tools and tools with a smoothed end. Even though these tools were mainly manufactured by direct percussion, their number and the recurrence of their morphological and traceological features lead us to consider them as a true bone industry. Far from the Homo sapiens standards, this industry has its own coherence that needs now to be understood.

中文翻译：

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俄罗斯阿尔泰地区恰吉尔斯卡亚洞穴的尼安德特人骨产业

摘要 长期以来，旧石器时代晚期丰富的骨骼工业反对机会主义的尼安德特骨骼工具，其中以骨骼修整器最为常见。最近在 Mousterian 语境中发现的一些形状的骨骼工具被视为“现代行为”的出现。然而，这种观点是基于有偏见的语料库。一方面，最近在旧石器时代晚期组合中发现的大量未成形的骨工具使我们重新考虑骨工业可以是什么。另一方面，在更古老的环境中越来越多地发现骨骼工具表明，这种类型的生产与智人并没有严格的联系。位于西伯利亚阿尔泰的恰吉尔斯卡亚洞穴为我们提供了讨论这个问题的机会。距今约 50,000 年 BP，该遗址产生了与几个尼安德特人遗骸相关的穆斯特石器工业的当地相。对动物群遗骸的技术和功能分析揭示了超过一千个骨骼工具。大多数是修图师，但有很大一部分属于其他形态功能类别：中间工具、修图工具和具有平滑末端的工具。尽管这些工具主要是通过直接敲击制造的，但它们的数量以及它们的形态和痕迹特征的重复出现使我们将它们视为真正的骨骼工业。与智人标准相去甚远，这个行业有其自身的一致性，现在需要理解。大多数是修图师，但有很大一部分属于其他形态功能类别：中间工具、修图工具和具有平滑末端的工具。尽管这些工具主要是通过直接敲击制造的，但它们的数量以及它们的形态和痕迹特征的重复出现使我们将它们视为真正的骨骼工业。与智人标准相去甚远，这个行业有其自身的一致性，现在需要理解。大多数是修图师，但有很大一部分属于其他形态功能类别：中间工具、修图工具和具有平滑末端的工具。尽管这些工具主要是通过直接敲击制造的，但它们的数量以及它们的形态和痕迹特征的重复出现使我们将它们视为真正的骨骼工业。与智人标准相去甚远，这个行业有其自身的一致性，现在需要理解。