Abstract Cubilche Volcanic Complex (Imbabura Province, Ecuador) includes three morphologically well-preserved eruptive centers: in increasing size, Cunrru Dome Complex (3300 m above sea level, m asl), Panga Ladera (3420 m asl) and Cubilche (3836 m asl). As this complex is poorly known, we conducted a volcanological study of its evolution by combining geomorphological, lithostratigraphic, radiocarbon (14C), and petrological analyses, along with eruption size determinations. Cunrru Dome Complex shows an eastward-opening scarp formed during a dome collapse event that emplaced a small-volume debris avalanche deposit and a pumice-rich layer from an accompanying directed explosion. The higher Panga Ladera edifice is breached towards the north, and the emplacement of the resulting debris avalanche deposit was also accompanied by a blast-forming eruption of ash and pumice. The post-collapse vent subsequently produced dilute pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) that built a low cone. The Cubilche eruptive center comprises old and young edifices. The Old Cubilche edifice emitted lavas from a summit crater and flank vents before being partly destroyed during a flank failure event associated with an explosive eruption that produced a widespread pyroclastic density current deposit dated at ca 44 ka and an associated pyroclastic fall deposit. The Young Cubilche cone grew inside the Old Cubilche avalanche crater during ~14–19 ka over five eruptive episodes that included early effusive eruptions, a dome growth period that terminated with a PDC that emplaced scoria flow deposits at ca 29.6 ka, an explosive eruption at ca 26.3 ka, and final Strombolian activity emitting more mafic products. As the adjacent Imbabura Volcanic Complex erupted in early Holocene times and the two complexes seem to share common reservoirs and plumbing systems, we cannot fully discard a possible reactivation at Cubilche. Other more short-term hazards are debris flows and landslides potentially triggered by heavy rain fall and/or seismic events.

中文翻译：

---

厄瓜多尔因巴布拉省 Cubilche 火山群演化的首次重建

摘要 Cubilche 火山群（厄瓜多尔因巴布拉省）包括三个形态学上保存完好的喷发中心：规模不断扩大的 Cunrru Dome Complex（海拔 3300 米，海拔 3300 米）、Panga Ladera（海拔 3420 米）和 Cubilche（海拔 3836 米） ）。由于这个复合体鲜为人知，我们通过结合地貌学、岩石地层学、放射性碳 (14C) 和岩石学分析以及喷发规模的测定，对其演化进行了火山学研究。Cunrru Dome Complex 显示了在穹顶坍塌事件期间形成的向东开放的陡坡，该陡坡形成了小体积碎片雪崩沉积物和伴随定向爆炸产生的富含浮石的层。更高的 Panga Ladera 大厦向北被破坏，并且由此产生的碎片雪崩沉积物的就位也伴随着火山灰和浮石的爆炸形成喷发。坍塌后的通风口随后产生了稀释的火山碎屑密度流 (PDC)，从而形成了一个低锥体。Cubilche 喷发中心由古老和年轻的建筑组成。Old Cubilche 大厦从山顶火山口和侧面喷口喷出熔岩，然后在与爆炸性喷发相关的侧面破坏事件中被部分摧毁，该事件产生了一个广泛的火山碎屑密度电流沉积物，年代为约 44 ka，以及相关的火山碎屑沉积物沉积物。Young Cubilche 锥体在约 14-19 ka 期间在 Old Cubilche 雪崩陨石坑内生长，超过五次喷发事件，其中包括早期喷发，一个圆顶生长期终止于 PDC，在约 29.6 ka 放置火山渣流沉积物，大约 26.3 ka 的爆发性喷发，以及最终的 Strombolian 活动释放出更多的镁铁质产物。由于相邻的 Imbabura 火山群在全新世早期爆发，并且这两个火山群似乎共享共同的储层和管道系统，我们不能完全排除 Cubilche 可能的再活化。其他更短期的危害是可能由大雨和/或地震事件引发的泥石流和山体滑坡。