Abstract The active distribution network becomes more stochastic due to high penetration of renewable energy sources, and it can transfer surplus power for transmission needs. If the distribution optimization problem collaborates with the conventional transmission expansion formulation, the coordination can also postpone the investment decisions for the transmission network, not only optimize the operation of the entire power system. In view of these, this paper presents a bi-level hierarchy transmission expansion formulation coordinating distribution networks. The upper level of the hierarchical decision-making framework corresponds to the objective and constraints of the transmission network, whereas the lower level relates to the distribution perspective. An approximation technique is used to make the constraints of the distribution network linear, which guarantees that the proposed bi-level program can be solved using the duality-based approach. Numerical tests carried out on two transmission-distribution integration networks demonstrate the effectiveness and high performance of the proposed hierarchical duality-based model to accommodate renewable energy. In addition, sensitivities of the transmission investment decisions are analysed in terms of externalities in transmission and distribution networks. Compared with conventional isolated optimization, results show that the total costs of T24D9 and T38D3 by the proposed hierarchical coordinated optimization can respectively reduce by 34.38 M$ and 382.23 M$. So the economic benefits are remarkable, and the proposed optimization is reasonable and valuable.

中文翻译：

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基于分层对偶的输电网络规划协调主动配电网运行

摘要 由于可再生能源的高渗透率，主动配电网变得更加随机，并且可以传输剩余电力以满足传输需求。如果配电优化问题与常规输电扩容公式相配合，协调还可以推迟输电网络的投资决策，不仅可以优化整个电力系统的运行。有鉴于此，本文提出了一种协调配电网的双层层次传输扩展公式。分层决策框架的上层对应于输电网络的目标和约束，而下层与配电角度相关。使用近似技术使配电网络的约束线性化，这保证了所提出的双层程序可以使用基于对偶的方法求解。在两个输配电一体化网络上进行的数值测试证明了所提出的基于分层对偶的模型在适应可再生能源方面的有效性和高性能。此外，还根据输配电网络的外部性分析了输电投资决策的敏感性。结果表明，与传统的孤立优化相比，提出的分层协调优化T24D9和T38D3的总成本可分别降低34.38万美元和382.23万美元。所以经济效益显着，