The expansion and intensification of agriculture as well as the associated land clearing are threatening both biodiversity and human wellbeing in tropical areas. Implementing agroforestry systems through a landscape approach has a strong potential for integrating nature conservation objectives into agricultural systems. A key challenge for implementing the landscape approach is that political processes and conservation initiatives operate in ‘silos’, being largely disconnected from farmers and local key agents responsible for tree governance. In this study we brought together different stakeholders in facilitated, structured focus discussions to analyse the role of actor groups in tree governance. We used social network analysis to quantitatively and qualitatively analyse agroforestry governance networks and actor interactions related to information exchange, finance flows, and regulation. The analyses were conducted at national, sub-national and local levels in four countries: Honduras, Peru, Indonesia, and Uganda. Using trees on farms as a boundary object enabled all participants to bridge common interests and illuminate some of the constraints and opportunities of local governance systems while overcoming institutional and ideological barriers. The quantitative results of the social network analysis identify a strong density of actor linkages. Despite this density, results indicate incoherent and fragmented actor networks undermining the support for agroforestry on all levels. Nevertheless, existing processes related to finance, information, and regulation can be better aligned to ensure an effective implementation and mainstreaming of agroforestry for biodiversity conservation. Building social capital among key actors on both national and local levels can reveal a strong potential for adaptive learning processes mainstreaming agroforestry as essential component of “good farming” and integrating incentive systems for a coherent and effective agroforestry governance. We conclude that redirecting both public and private funding towards continuous seed-funding for the facilitation of these integrated learning processes can transform landscape management and at the same time reduce transaction costs.

中文翻译：

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农林业治理以实施景观方法：将保护者和农业参与者联系起来

农业的扩张和集约化以及相关的土地清理威胁着热带地区的生物多样性和人类福祉。通过景观方法实施农林业系统具有将自然保护目标纳入农业系统的强大潜力。实施景观方法的主要挑战是，政治进程和保护计划在“孤岛”中运作，与农民和负责树木治理的当地主要代理人基本脱节。在这项研究中，我们将不同的利益相关者聚集在一起，进行了有组织的重点讨论，以分析参与者群体在树木治理中的作用。我们使用社交网络分析来定量和定性地分析农林业治理网络以及与信息交换，资金流和监管有关的参与者互动。在洪都拉斯，秘鲁，印度尼西亚和乌干达四个国家的国家，地方以下和地方各级进行了分析。将农场中的树木用作边界对象，使所有参与者都可以弥合共同利益，并阐明地方治理系统的某些限制和机遇，同时克服制度和意识形态方面的障碍。社交网络分析的定量结果表明参与者链接的密度很高。尽管密度如此之高，但结果表明，行动者网络的不连贯和零散破坏了各级对农林业的支持。不过，与财务相关的现有流程 信息和法规可以更好地保持一致，以确保农林业的有效实施和主流化以保护生物多样性。在国家和地方两级的主要参与者之间建立社会资本，可以显示出适应性学习过程的强大潜力，该过程将农林业主流化为“良好农业”的基本组成部分，并整合激励机制以实现连贯有效的农林业治理。我们得出的结论是，将公共和私人资金重新定向到持续的种子资金以促进这些集成的学习过程可以改变景观管理，同时降低交易成本。在国家和地方两级的关键角色之间建立社会资本，可以显示出适应性学习过程的强大潜力，该过程将农林业主流化为“良好农业”的重要组成部分，并整合激励机制以实现连贯有效的农林业治理。我们得出的结论是，将公共和私人资金重新定向到持续的种子资金以促进这些集成的学习过程可以改变景观管理，同时降低交易成本。在国家和地方两级的主要参与者之间建立社会资本，可以显示出适应性学习过程的强大潜力，该过程将农林业主流化为“良好农业”的基本组成部分，并整合激励机制以实现连贯有效的农林业治理。我们得出的结论是，将公共和私人资金重新定向到持续的种子资金以促进这些集成的学习过程可以改变景观管理，同时降低交易成本。