Floral innovations are key for pollinator specialization and play a significant role in plant diversification. Orchidaceae present many examples of floral innovations that allow its high degrees of pollinator specialization and promoted speciation. The rich neotropical genus Telipogon evolved an uncinate (=hook-like) viscidium on the pollinarium and setae-bearing flowers, which are uncommon in Orchidaceae; however, the importance of them on pollination success and whether they are floral innovations or exaptations in Telipogon have not been investigated. Here we investigate the morphology of the viscidium and floral setae within the Telipogon alliance (including the genera Hofmeisterella , Trichoceros and Telipogon ), test their significance in pollination, and their occurrence and evolution across the Oncidiinae. We used Telipogon peruvianus as a model species to test whether uncinate viscidium and floral setae increased pollination success compared with a cochleariform (=spoon-like) viscidium and lack of floral setae condition. We show that the uncinate viscidium is a synapomorphy for Telipogon ; setae-bearing flowers are not universally found among all species of Telipogon and evolved once in the Telipogon alliance. Furthermore, Telipogon peruvianus flowers with an uncinate viscidium have achieved higher pollinia export than those with cochleariform viscidium (ancestral condition), whereas flowers with setae have both higher success in pollinia removal, although not significant, and pollinia deposition than those lacking of setae (ancestral condition). We demonstrate that uncinate viscidia and floral setae in Telipogon are a key innovation and exaptation, respectively, that enhance pollination success and they might act as drivers of diversification and pollinator specialization in this genus.

中文翻译：

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uncinate viscidium 和花刚毛，在 Telipogon 联盟（兰科：Oncidiinae）中提高授粉成功率的进化创新和扩展

花卉创新是传粉媒介专业化的关键，并在植物多样化中发挥重要作用。兰花科展示了许多花卉创新的例子，允许其高度的授粉媒介专业化和促进物种形成。富饶的新热带属 Telipogon 在花粉和带刚毛的花上进化出钩状（=钩状）粘液，这在兰科中并不常见；然而，它们对授粉成功的重要性以及它们是花的创新还是在 Telipogon 中的扩展尚未得到研究。在这里，我们调查了 Telipogon 联盟内的 viscidium 和花刚毛的形态（包括 Hofmeisterella 、 Trichoceros 和 Telipogon ），测试它们在授粉中的重要性，以及它们在 Oncidiinae 中的发生和进化。我们使用 Telipogon peruvianus 作为模型物种来测试钩状 viscidium 和花刚毛与耳蜗状（=勺状）viscidium 和缺乏花刚毛条件相比是否增加了授粉成功。我们表明钩状黏膜是 Telipogon 的突触；带刚毛的花并非在所有的 Telipogon 物种中普遍存在，并且在 Telipogon 联盟中进化过一次。此外，具有钩状子的秘鲁茶花比具有耳蜗状子的花获得了更高的花粉输出（祖先条件），而具有刚毛的花在去除花粉方面的成功率更高（尽管不显着）和花粉沉积比没有刚毛（祖先条件）的花更高。状况）。