This study describes the geochemical processes controlling the quality of groundwater in waterlogged parts of Muktsar district of southwest Punjab, India. The order of cations remains the same for pre- and postmonsoon samples, i.e. Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺, while anion order changes from SO₄²⁻ > HCO₃⁻ ≅ Cl⁻ > NO₃⁻ in premonsoon to HCO₃⁻ >> SO₄²⁻ > Cl⁻ > NO₃⁻ in postmonsoon. Significant number of samples (57%) belongs to Na–Cl type in premonsoon indicating dissolution of evaporites present in unsaturated zone, which in postmonsoon represent mixed Ca–Na–HCO₃ type. Calcite, dolomite and gypsum were found to be major contributors to alkaline earth metals, while silicate weathering and ion exchange contribute alkali metals to groundwater. This study also helps in differentiating the geochemical behaviour of groundwater in waterlogged regions as well as unaffected regions.

中文翻译：

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旁遮普西南部涝灾区地下水的水化学演化

这项研究描述了印度西南旁遮普省Muktsar地区内涝地区控制地下水质量的地球化学过程。阳离子的顺序保持前和postmonsoon样品相同，即钠⁺ >的Ca ²⁺ > Mg的²⁺ >ķ ⁺，而从SO阴离子顺序变化₄ ^2- > HCO ₃ ^- ≅氯^- > NO ₃ ^-中季风到HCO ₃ ⁻ >> SO ₄ ²⁻ > Cl ⁻ > NO ₃ ⁻在季风之后。季风前有大量样品（57％）属于Na–Cl型，表明存在于不饱和区的蒸发物溶解，季风后为混合的Ca–Na–HCO ₃型。发现方解石，白云石和石膏是碱土金属的主要贡献者，而硅酸盐的风化作用和离子交换作用则将碱金属带入地下水。这项研究还有助于区分淹水地区和未受影响地区的地下水的地球化学行为。