The reliability (precision) and agreement (accuracy) of anthropometric measurements based on manually placed 3D landmarks using the RealSense D415 were investigated in this paper. Thirty facial palsy patients, with their face in neutral (resting) position, were recorded simultaneously with the RealSense and a professional 3dMD imaging system. First the RealSense depth accuracy was determined. Subsequently, two observers placed 14 facial landmarks on the 3dMD and RealSense image, assessing the distance between landmark placement. The respective intra- and inter-rater Euclidean distance between the landmark placements was 0.84 mm (±0.58) and 1.00 mm (±0.70) for the 3dMD landmarks and 1.32 mm (±1.27) and 1.62 mm (±1.42) for the RealSense landmarks. From these landmarks 14 anthropometric measurements were derived. The intra- and inter-rater measurements had an overall reliability of 0.95 (0.87 – 0.98) and 0.93 (0.85 – 0.97) for the 3dMD measurements, and 0.83 (0.70 – 0.91) and 0.80 (0.64 – 0.89) for the RealSense measurements, respectively, expressed as the intra-class correlation coefficient. Determined by the Bland-Altman analysis, the agreement between the RealSense measurements and 3dMD measurements was on average −0.90 mm (−4.04 – 2.24) and −0.89 mm (−4.65 – 2.86) for intra- and inter-rater agreement, respectively. Based on the reported reliability and agreement of the RealSense measurements, the RealSense D415 can be considered as a viable option to perform objective 3D anthropomorphic measurements on the face in a neutral position, where a low-cost and portable camera is required.

中文翻译：

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使用低成本4D成像系统对面瘫患者进行3D人体测量的可靠性和一致性。

本文研究了使用RealSense D415基于手动放置的3D界标进行人体测量的可靠性（精度）和一致性（准确性）。使用RealSense和专业的3dMD成像系统同时记录了30例面部瘫痪患者，其面部处于中性（静止）位置。首先，确定RealSense深度精度。随后，两名观察员在3dMD和RealSense图像上放置了14个面部地标，评估了地标放置之间的距离。对于3dMD界标，界标位置之间的评估者之间和评定者之间的欧几里德距离分别为0.84 mm（±0.58）和1.00 mm（±0.70），对于RealSense界标，则分别为1.32 mm（±1.27）和1.62 mm（±1.42） 。从这些地标中得出14个人体测量值。评估者内部和评估者之间的整体可靠性对于3dMD测量而言分别为0.95（0.87 – 0.98）和0.93（0.85 – 0.97），对于RealSense测量而言为0.83（0.70 – 0.91）和0.80（0.64 – 0.89），分别表示为类内相关系数。通过Bland-Altman分析确定，评估者内部和评估者之间的协议，实感测量值与3dMD测量值之间的一致性分别平均为-0.90 mm（-4.04-2.24）和-0.89 mm（-4.65-2.86）。根据已报告的可靠性和RealSense测量的一致性，可以将RealSense D415视为在中性位置（需要低成本便携式相机）上进行客观3D拟人化测量的可行选择。3dMD测量值为97），实感测量值为0.83（0.70 – 0.91）和0.80（0.64 – 0.89），表示为类内相关系数。通过Bland-Altman分析确定，评估者内部和评估者之间的协议，实感测量值与3dMD测量值之间的一致性分别平均为-0.90 mm（-4.04-2.24）和-0.89 mm（-4.65-2.86）。根据已报告的可靠性和RealSense测量的一致性，可以将RealSense D415视为在中性位置（需要低成本便携式相机）上进行客观3D拟人化测量的可行选择。3dMD测量值为97），实感测量值为0.83（0.70 – 0.91）和0.80（0.64 – 0.89），表示为类内相关系数。通过Bland-Altman分析确定，评估者内部和评估者之间的协议，实感测量和3dMD测量之间的一致性分别平均为-0.90 mm（-4.04-2.24）和-0.89 mm（-4.65-2.86）。根据已报告的可靠性和RealSense测量的一致性，可以将RealSense D415视为在中性位置（需要低成本便携式相机）上进行客观3D拟人化测量的可行选择。通过Bland-Altman分析确定，评估者内部和评估者之间的协议，实感测量值与3dMD测量值之间的一致性分别平均为-0.90 mm（-4.04-2.24）和-0.89 mm（-4.65-2.86）。根据已报告的可靠性和RealSense测量的一致性，可以将RealSense D415视为在中性位置（需要低成本便携式相机）上进行客观3D拟人化测量的可行选择。通过Bland-Altman分析确定，评估者内部和评估者之间的协议，实感测量值与3dMD测量值之间的一致性分别平均为-0.90 mm（-4.04-2.24）和-0.89 mm（-4.65-2.86）。根据已报告的可靠性和RealSense测量的一致性，可以将RealSense D415视为在中性位置（需要低成本便携式相机）上进行客观3D拟人化测量的可行选择。