On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of Ørsted's discovery of the magnetic effects of electric currents, this article summarizes the main stages of the development of electromagnetism before Maxwell, from Ørsted's experiments through Ampère's development of electrodynamics and Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction, up to the development of Weber's electrodynamics. The emphasis is on the conceptual evolution that led, on the one hand, to unification under a coherent, mathematically sound theory for all known electromagnetic phenomena within the Newtonian paradigm of instantaneous action at distance, and on the other hand, to the foundations of Maxwell's revolution, which definitely changed that paradigm.

中文翻译：

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无场电磁学：从奥斯特到安培到韦伯 [历史角]

值 Ørsted 发现电流磁效应 200 周年之际，本文总结了 Maxwell 之前电磁学发展的主要阶段，从Ørsted 的实验到安培的电动力学发展和法拉第发现电磁感应，直到韦伯电动力学的发展 重点是概念演变，一方面，在牛顿瞬时远距离作用范式内所有已知电磁现象的连贯的、数学上合理的理论下统一，另一方面，导致麦克斯韦理论的基础革命，这无疑改变了这种范式。