Simulations with four land surface models (LSMs) (i.e., Noah, Noah-MP, Noah-MP with ground water GW option, and CLM4) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 12 km horizontal grid resolution were carried out as two sets for 3 months (December–February 2011/2012 and July–September 2012) over West Africa. The objective is to assess the performance of WRF LSMs in simulating meteorological parameters over West Africa. The model precipitation was assessed against TRMM while surface temperature was compared with the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset. Results show that the LSMs performed differently for different variables in different land-surface conditions. Based on precipitation and temperature, Noah-MP GW is overall the best for all the variables and seasons in combination, while Noah came last. Specifically, Noah-MP GW performed best for JAS temperature and precipitation; CLM4 was the best in simulating DJF precipitation, while Noah was the best in simulating DJF temperature. Noah-MP GW has the wettest Sahel while Noah has the driest one. The strength of the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) is strongest in Noah-MP GW and Noah-MP compared with that in CLM4 and Noah. The core of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) lies around 12°N in Noah and 15°N for Noah-MP GW. Noah-MP GW and Noah-MP simulations have stronger influx of moisture advection from the southwesterly monsoonal wind than the CLM4 and Noah with Noah showing the least influx. Also, analysis of the evaporative fraction shows sharp gradient for Noah-MP GW and Noah-MP with wetter Sahel further to the north and further to the south for Noah. Noah-MP-GW has the highest amount of soil moisture, while the CLM4 has the least for both the JAS and DJF seasons. The CLM4 has the highest LH for both DJF and JAS seasons but however has the least SH for both DJF and JAS seasons. The principal difference between the LSMs is in the vegetation representation, description, and parameterization of the soil water column; hence, improvement is recommended in this regard.

中文翻译：

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西非WRF地表模型性能评估

在12 km的水平网格分辨率下，使用天气研究和预报（WRF）模型对四个陆地表面模型（LSM）（即，Noah，Noah-MP，具有地下水GW选项的Noah-MP和CLM4）进行了模拟，如下所示：西非地区为期3个月（2011/2012年12月至2月和2012年7月至9月）的两套。目的是评估WRF LSM在模拟西非气象参数方面的性能。用TRMM评估了模型降水，同时将表面温度与ERA-Interim重新分析数据集进行了比较。结果表明，在不同的地表条件下，不同变量的LSM表现不同。从降水和温度来看，Noah-MP GW在所有变量和季节组合中总体上是最佳的，而Noah排在最后。特别，Noah-MP GW在JAS温度和降水方面表现最佳；CLM4是模拟DJF降水的最佳方法，而Noah是模拟DJF温度的最佳方法。诺亚MP GW的萨赫勒河最湿，而诺亚则最干燥。与CLM4和Noah相比，Noah-MP GW和Noah-MP的热带东风喷气机（TEJ）的强度最高。非洲东风喷气机（AEJ）的核心位于诺亚（Noah）约12°N，而Noah-MP GW则为15°N。与CLM4和Noah相比，Noah-MP GW和Noah-MP模拟具有更强的西南季风风对流流入，其中Noah流入最少。另外，蒸发分数的分析显示，Noah-MP GW和Noah-MP的梯度陡峭，而Saah偏北偏湿，南部偏南偏湿。Noah-MP-GW的土壤湿度最高，而CLM4在JAS和DJF赛季中最少。CLM4在DJF和JAS赛季的LH最高，但是在DJF和JAS赛季的SH最低。LSM之间的主要区别在于土壤水柱的植被表示，描述和参数化。因此，建议在这方面进行改进。