Bladder cancer (BC) is the 11th most common diagnosed cancer, and a number of factors including environmental and genetic ones participate in BC development. Metastasis of BC cells into neighboring and distant tissues significantly reduces overall survival of patients with this life-threatening disorder. Recently, studies have focused on revealing molecular pathways involved in metastasis of BC cells, and in this review, we focus on microRNAs (miRNAs) and their regulatory effect on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanisms that can regulate metastasis. EMT is a vital process for migration of BC cells, and inhibition of this mechanism restricts invasion of BC cells. MiRNAs are endogenous non-coding RNAs with 19—24 nucleotides capable of regulating different cellular events, and EMT is one of them. In BC cells, miRNAs are able to both induce and/or inhibit EMT. For regulation of EMT, miRNAs affect different molecular pathways such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Snail, Slug, ZEB1/2, CD44, NSBP1, which are, discussed in detail this review. Besides, miRNA/EMT axis can also be regulated by upstream mediators such as lncRNAs, circRNAs and targeted by diverse anti-tumor agents. These topics are also discussed here to reveal diverse molecular pathways involved in migration of BC cells and strategies to target them to develop effective therapeutics.

中文翻译：

---

microRNA/上皮间质转化轴在膀胱癌转移中的作用。

膀胱癌 (BC) 是第 11 位最常见的癌症，环境和遗传等多种因素参与 BC 的发生。BC 细胞向邻近和远处组织的转移会显着降低患有这种危及生命的疾病的患者的总体生存率。最近，研究重点是揭示BC细胞转移中涉及的分子途径，在这篇综述中，我们重点关注microRNA (miRNA)及其对上皮间质转化(EMT)机制的调节作用，从而调节转移。EMT是BC细胞迁移的重要过程，抑制该机制可限制BC细胞的侵袭。miRNA是具有19-24个核苷酸的内源性非编码RNA，能够调节不同的细胞事件，EMT就是其中之一。在 BC 细胞中，miRNA 能够诱导和/或抑制 EMT。对于 EMT 的调节，miRNA 影响不同的分子途径，例如转化生长因子-β (TGF-β)、Snail、Slug、ZEB1/2、CD44、NSBP1，本文对此进行了详细讨论。此外，miRNA/EMT轴还可以受到lncRNA、circRNA等上游介质的调节，并被多种抗肿瘤药物靶向。本文还讨论了这些主题，以揭示涉及 BC 细胞迁移的不同分子途径以及针对它们开发有效疗法的策略。