Extreme rainfall has significant impacts on human society and agricultural development, as well as severe effects on rice development. However, few studies have investigated the characteristics of extreme rainfall during different stages of rice growth period. Taking the South China region as a case study, the characteristics of extreme daily rainfall in the late rice growth period (July to November) from 1960 to 2009 were investigated using the percentile method. The results indicated that the extreme rainfall threshold varies between stages of rice growth period. The regional average extreme rainfall threshold exceeded the traditional heavy rainfall threshold (50 mm/day) during the seeding (60.6 mm/day), tillering (56.6 mm/day) and booting stage (51 mm/day) of late rice growth period. Regions with high extreme rainfall threshold are observed in coastal cities during each stage. Typhoons are the most important weather system that causes extreme rainfall, especially in the first three stages of the late rice growth period. Pronounced annual variability is found in a number of cases of extreme rainfall and typhoon‐caused (TC) extreme rainfall. Extreme rainfall, ranging from 100–200 mm/day, is most common for cases with TC and none‐typhoon‐caused (NTC) extreme rainfall. Finally, flood risk regions more easily form in the coastal cities in cases of TC extreme rainfall, but for NTC extreme rainfall, the north‐western region of South China is the main flood risk region.

中文翻译：

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水稻生育后期华南地区极端降雨特征

极端降雨对人类社会和农业发展产生重大影响，并对水稻发展产生严重影响。但是，很少有研究调查水稻生长期不同阶段的极端降雨特征。以华南地区为例，采用百分位数法研究了水稻生长期（7月至11月）1960年至2009年的极端日降雨特征。结果表明，极端降雨阈值在水稻生长期之间有所不同。水稻生育后期的播种（60.6 mm /天），分till（56.6 mm /天）和孕穗期（51 mm /天）期间，区域平均极端降雨阈值超过了传统的强降雨阈值（50 mm /天）。在每个阶段，沿海城市都观测到极端降雨阈值高的区域。台风是导致极端降雨的最重要的天气系统，尤其是在水稻生育后期的前三个阶段。在许多极端降雨和台风引起的（TC）极端降雨的情况下，发现明显的年度变化。对于TC和非台风引起的（NTC）极端降雨，最常见的极端降雨范围是100-200 mm /天。最后，在TC极端降雨的情况下，沿海城市更容易形成洪水风险区域，但是对于NTC极端降雨，华南西北地区是主要的洪水风险区域。特别是在水稻生育后期的前三个阶段。在许多极端降雨和台风引起的（TC）极端降雨的情况下，发现明显的年度变化。对于TC和非台风引起的（NTC）极端降雨，最常见的极端降雨范围是100-200 mm /天。最后，在TC极端降雨的情况下，沿海城市更容易形成洪水风险区域，但是对于NTC极端降雨，华南西北地区是主要的洪水风险区域。特别是在水稻生育后期的前三个阶段。在许多极端降雨和台风引起的（TC）极端降雨的情况下，发现明显的年度变化。对于TC和非台风引起的（NTC）极端降雨，最常见的极端降雨范围是100-200 mm /天。最后，在TC极端降雨的情况下，沿海城市更容易形成洪水风险区域，但是对于NTC极端降雨，华南西北地区是主要的洪水风险区域。