Quantifying the impacts of agricultural management on soil health is critical for making informed sustainable management decisions as soil resources inevitably undergo alterations due to management. One recently popular and soil biology–based method of soil health assessment is the Haney Soil Health Test (HSHT), whose most recent version is known as the “soil health tool”, attempts to integrate soil health and fertility. Comprehensive evaluation of the HSHT and its underlying indicators in different agroecological regions is currently lacking. This study therefore evaluates the HSHT on three ongoing field experiments in southeastern United States: (a) 39 yr of continuous soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with different tillage treatments, (b) 4 yr of corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean rotation with different cover crop treatments, and (c) 37 yr of continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen (N) rates. Soil samples (0‐ to 15‐cm depth) were analyzed for HSHT indicators (i.e., Solvita CO₂–C, water‐extractable organic C [WEOC], water‐extractable organic N [WEON], and WEOC/WEON), two versions of soil health score (SHS) calculations (SHS2015 and SHS2018), and potential N mineralization (Nmin) rates. Additionally, H3A‐ and Mehlich‐1–based extractable soil nutrients were determined to test the fertility component of HSHT. The individual HSHT indicators, SHS2015, SHS2018, and Nmin showed inconsistent responses to management, where most variation in SHS was driven by WEON (0.68 < R² > 0.86; p < .001). Additionally, H3A solution extracted nutrients with higher variability (18.5 <CV%> 76) than Mehlich‐1. This lack of consistent to response to management in southeastern U.S. croplands implies that comprehensive evaluation and/or modification of HSHT is required for broader applicability.

中文翻译：

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农业生态系统管理对美国东南部Haney土壤健康测试的反应

量化农业管理对土壤健康的影响对于做出明智的可持续管理决策至关重要，因为土壤资源不可避免地会因管理而发生变化。一种最近流行且基于土壤生物学的土壤健康评估方法是Haney土壤健康测试（HSHT），其最新版本被称为“土壤健康工具”，旨在整合土壤健康和肥力。当前缺乏对不同农业生态区域中的HSHT及其基本指标的综合评估。因此，本研究在美国东南部的三个正在进行的田间试验中对HSHT进行了评估：（a） 使用不同耕作方法的39年连续大豆[ Glycine max（L.）Merr。]，（b）4年玉米（Zea mays）L.）–大豆轮作，采用不同的覆盖作物处理方式，以及（c）37年连续耕作的棉花（Gossypium hirsutum L.），耕作，覆盖作物和氮（N）的比率较高。分析了土壤样品（深度为0至15厘米）中的HSHT指标（即Solvita CO ₂ –C，水可提取有机碳[WEOC]，水可提取有机氮[WEON]和WEOC / WEON），其中两个土壤健康评分（SHS）计算的版本（SHS2015和SHS2018），以及潜在的氮矿化（Nmin）速率。此外，还确定了基于H3A和Mehlich-1的可提取土壤养分，以测试HSHT的肥力成分。单独的HSHT指标SHS2015，SHS2018和Nmin对管理层的反应不一致，其中SHS的大部分变化是由WEON驱动的（0.68 <  R ² > 0.86；p  <.001）。此外，H3A溶液提取的营养素比Mehlich-1具有更高的变异性（18.5 <CV％> 76）。美国东南部农田对管理的反应缺乏一致性，这意味着需要对HSHT进行全面评估和/或修改，以实现更广泛的适用性。