Bone marrow haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) express pattern recognition receptors such as Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) to sense microbial products and activation of these innate immune receptors induces cytokine expression and redirects bone marrow haematopoiesis towards the increased production of myeloid cells. Secreted cytokines by HSPCs in response to TLR ligands can act in an autocrine or paracrine manner to regulate haematopoiesis. Moreover, tonic activation of HSPCs by microbiota‐derived compounds might educate HSPCs to produce superior myeloid cells equipped with innate memory responses to combat pathogens. While haematopoietic stem cell activation through TLRs meets the increased demand for blood leucocytes to protect the host against infection, persistent exposure to inflammatory cytokines or microbial products might impair their function and even induce malignant transformation. This review highlights the potential outcomes of HSPCs in response to TLR ligands.

中文翻译：

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造血干细胞和祖细胞对微生物的传感：对感染和骨髓细胞免疫教育的警惕。

骨髓造血干细胞和祖细胞（HSPC）表达模式识别受体，例如Toll样受体（TLR），以感测微生物产物，这些先天免疫受体的激活诱导细胞因子表达，并使骨髓造血功能转向增加髓样细胞的产量。HSPC响应TLR配体分泌的细胞因子可以自分泌或旁分泌的方式调节造血作用。此外，微生物来源的化合物对HSPC的强音激活可能会教育HSPC产生具有与病原体战斗的先天记忆反应的高级髓样细胞。通过TLR激活造血干细胞可以满足对血白细胞保护宿主免受感染的日益增长的需求，持续接触炎性细胞因子或微生物产物可能会损害其功能，甚至诱发恶性转化。这篇评论强调了HSPC对TLR配体的潜在反应。