Objective

To compare, versus a control, the sensory, sympathetic and motor blockade of lidocaine 1% and 2% administered epidurally in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Study design

Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial.

Animals

A total of 24 mixed-breed intact female dogs.

Methods

All dogs were administered dexmedetomidine, tramadol and meloxicam prior to general anesthesia with midazolam–propofol and isoflurane. Animals were randomly assigned for an epidural injection of lidocaine 1% (0.4 mL kg⁻¹; group L1), lidocaine 2% (0.4 mL kg⁻¹; group L2) or no injection (group CONTROL). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f_R), end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pe′CO₂), and invasive systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures were recorded every 5 minutes. Increases in physiological variables were treated with fentanyl (3 μg kg⁻¹) intravenously (IV). Phenylephrine (1 μg kg⁻¹) was administered IV when MAP was <60 mmHg. Postoperative pain [Glasgow Composite Pain Score – Short Form (GCPS–SF)] and return of normal ambulation were recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours after extubation.

Results

There were no differences over time or among groups for HR, f_R, Pe′CO₂ and SAP. MAP and DAP were lower in epidural groups than in CONTROL (p = 0.0146 and 0.0047, respectively). There was no difference in the use of phenylephrine boluses. More fentanyl was administered in CONTROL than in L1 and L2 (p = 0.011). GCPS–SF was lower for L2 than for CONTROL, and lower in L1 than in both other groups (p = 0.001). Time to ambulation was 2 (1–2) hours in L1 and 3 (2–4) hours in L2 (p = 0.004).

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Epidural administration of lidocaine (0.4 mL kg⁻¹) reduced fentanyl requirements and lowered MAP and DAP. Time to ambulation decreased and postoperative pain scores were improved by use of 1% lidocaine compared with 2% lidocaine.

中文翻译：

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评价接受卵巢子宫切除术的狗硬膜外给予的1％和2％利多卡因的镇痛，交感和运动效果。

目的

为了与对照组比较，在接受卵巢子宫切除术的母犬硬膜外给予1％和2％的利多卡因的感觉，交感和运动阻滞。

学习规划

随机，盲法，对照临床试验。

动物

共有24只杂种完整雌性犬。

方法

所有的狗在使用咪达唑仑-丙泊酚和异氟烷进行全身麻醉之前都接受了右美托咪定，曲马多和美洛昔康的治疗。随机分配动物硬膜外注射1％利多卡因（0.4 mL kg ^-1； L1组），利多卡因2％（0.4 mL kg ^-1； L2组）或不注射（对照组）。心脏速率（HR），呼吸率（˚F _{- [R} ），呼气末二氧化碳（P的分压E' CO ₂），和侵入性收缩（SAP），平均（MAP）和舒张压（DAP）分别记录动脉压每5分钟。静脉内（IV）用芬太尼（3μgkg ^-1）处理生理变量的增加。苯肾上腺素（1μgkg ^-1当MAP <60 mmHg时，静脉内给予）。拔管后1、2、3、4和6小时记录术后疼痛[格拉斯哥综合疼痛评分-简短形式（GCPS-SF）]和正常行走恢复。

结果

有随着时间的推移或组HR，无差异˚F _{- [R}，P E' CO ₂和SAP。硬膜外组的MAP和DAP低于对照组（ 分别为p = 0.0146和0.0047）。苯肾上腺素大剂量的使用没有差异。与L1和L2中相比，在CONTROL中给予的芬太尼含量更高（p  = 0.011）。L2的GCPS–SF低于对照组，L1的GCPS–SF低于其他两组（p  = 0.001）。L1的步行时间为2（1-2）小时，L2的步行时间为3（2-4）小时（p  = 0.004）。

结论与临床意义

硬膜外给予利多卡因（0.4 mL kg ^-1）降低了芬太尼的需要量并降低了MAP和DAP。与2％的利多卡因相比，使用1％的利多卡因可减少运动时间，并改善术后疼痛评分。