Abstract Leader-and-follower behaviour is one of the most important behaviours during evacuation, as determining the effect of leader-and-follower behaviour in social networks on crowd evacuation during emergency situations is important for enhancing safety. In this study, four experiments with two social groups involving 81 participants were conducted. Before the experiments, participants were asked to respond to a questionnaire to evaluate individual leadership and to determine the leaders in each social group. In the experiment, the leaders and some randomly selected students were asked to evacuate along a designated route. The influence of the leaders on evacuation patterns was studied by recording the following ratio and following behaviour of the crowd. Furthermore, the effect of smoke on evacuation patterns was studied by releasing smoke on certain paths. Experimental results showed that opinion leaders under normal conditions had a limited influence on the choice of evacuation route among students, despite stable social relationships among students. Instead, external environmental conditions, personal-psychological factors, and vision appeared to play more important roles, and the tendency of participants to congregate was most obvious. Most participants followed the path of those ahead of them and were thus more dependent on group formation. The effect of smoke on evacuation behaviour was not clear. In contrast, the effect of re-entry behaviour on crowd evacuation was more obvious, as most participants tended to follow the re-entry decisions of their peers. Because of personal subconscious habits, advanced scientific planning and drills conducted in advance could be used to greatly improve the emergency evacuation process. These results could also be used to modify evacuation simulation models and contribute to the development of evacuation plans.

中文翻译：

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紧急疏散过程中领导与跟随行为的实验研究

摘要 领导与跟随行为是疏散过程中最重要的行为之一，确定社交网络中的领导与跟随行为对紧急情况下人群疏散的影响对于提高安全性具有重要意义。在这项研究中，进行了四个实验，涉及两个社会群体，涉及 81 名参与者。在实验之前，参与者被要求回答问卷以评估个人领导力并确定每个社会群体中的领导者。在实验中，领导和一些随机选择的学生被要求沿着指定的路线撤离。通过记录人群的跟随率和跟随行为来研究领导者对疏散模式的影响。此外，通过在某些路径上释放烟雾来研究烟雾对疏散模式的影响。实验结果表明，尽管学生之间的社会关系稳定，但正常情况下的意见领袖对学生疏散路线选择的影响有限。相反，外部环境条件、个人心理因素和视力似乎起着更重要的作用，参与者的聚集倾向最为明显。大多数参与者遵循他们前面的路径，因此更依赖于团队的形成。烟雾对疏散行为的影响尚不清楚。相比之下，再入行为对人群疏散的影响更为明显，因为大多数参与者倾向于遵循同龄人的再入决定。因为个人潜意识习惯，先进的科学规划和提前进行的演练可以大大改善紧急疏散过程。这些结果还可用于修改疏散模拟模型并有助于制定疏散计划。