BACKGROUND The synergic interaction of risk genes and environmental factors has been thought to play a critical role in mediating emotion-related brain circuitry function and dysfunction in depression and anxiety disorders. Little, however, is known regarding neurodevelopmental bases underlying how maternal negative parenting affects emotion-related brain circuitry linking to adolescent internalizing symptoms and whether this neurobehavioral association is heritable during adolescence. METHODS The effects of maternal parenting on amygdala-based emotional circuitry and internalizing symptoms were examined by using longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging among 100 monozygotic twins and 78 dizygotic twins from early adolescence (age 13 years) to mid-adolescence (age 16 years). The mediation effects among variables of interest and their heritability were assessed by structural equation modeling and quantitative genetic analysis, respectively. RESULTS Exposure to maternal negative parenting was positively predictive of stronger functional connectivity of the amygdala with the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. This neural pathway mediated the association between negative parenting and adolescent depressive symptoms and exhibited moderate heritability (21%). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight that maternal negative parenting in early adolescence is associated with the development of atypical amygdala-prefrontal connectivity in relation to internalizing depressive symptoms in mid-adolescence. Such abnormality of emotion-related brain circuitry is heritable to a moderate degree.

中文翻译：

---

消极养育通过改变杏仁核-前额叶回路影响青少年内化症状：一项纵向双胞胎研究

背景风险基因和环境因素的协同相互作用已被认为在介导抑郁症和焦虑症中情绪相关的脑回路功能和功能障碍中起关键作用。然而，关于母性消极养育如何影响与青少年内化症状相关的情绪相关大脑回路以及这种神经行为关联是否在青春期可遗传的神经发育基础知之甚少。方法 在青春期早期（13 岁）至青春期中期（16 岁）的 100 对同卵双胞胎和 78 对异卵双胞胎中，使用纵向功能磁共振成像检查母亲教养对基于杏仁核的情绪回路和内化症状的影响。分别通过结构方程模型和定量遗传分析来评估感兴趣变量之间的中介效应及其遗传力。结果 暴露于母性消极养育对杏仁核与腹外侧前额叶皮层的更强功能连接具有积极的预测作用。这种神经通路介导了消极养育与青少年抑郁症状之间的关联，并表现出中等的遗传性 (21%)。结论 这些发现强调，青春期早期母亲的消极养育与青春期中期抑郁症状内化相关的非典型杏仁核-前额叶连接的发展有关。这种与情绪相关的大脑回路的异常具有中等程度的遗传性。