Lysophospholipids are potent hormone-like signalling biological lipids that regulate many important biological processes in mammals (including humans). Lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate represent the best studied examples for this lipid class, and their metabolic enzymes and/or cognate receptors are currently under clinical investigation for treatment of various neurological and autoimmune diseases in humans. Over the past two decades, the lysophsophatidylserines (lyso-PSs) have emerged as yet another biologically important lysophospholipid, and deregulation in its metabolism has been linked to various human pathophysiological conditions. Despite its recent emergence, an exhaustive review summarizing recent advances on lyso-PSs and the biological pathways that this bioactive lysophospholipid regulates has been lacking. To address this, here, we summarize studies that led to the discovery of lyso-PS as a potent signalling biomolecule, and discuss the structure, its detection in biological systems, and the biodistribution of this lysophospholipid in various mammalian systems. Further, we describe in detail the enzymatic pathways that are involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of this lipid and the putative lyso-PS receptors reported in the literature. Finally, we discuss the various biological pathways directly regulated by lyso-PSs in mammals and prospect new questions for this still emerging biomedically important signalling lysophospholipid.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

---

溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸——一种新兴的信号溶血磷脂。

溶血磷脂是有效的激素样信号生物脂质，可调节哺乳动物（包括人类）的许多重要生物过程。溶血磷脂酸和 1-磷酸鞘氨醇是此类脂质研究最好的例子，它们的代谢酶和/或同源受体目前正在进行临床研究，用于治疗人类的各种神经系统和自身免疫疾病。在过去的二十年中，溶血磷脂酰丝氨酸 (lyso-PSs) 已成为另一种生物学上重要的溶血磷脂，其代谢失调与各种人类病理生理状况有关。尽管它最近出现，但缺乏对溶血 PS 的最新进展和这种生物活性溶血磷脂调节的生物学途径的详尽综述。为了解决这个问题，我们在这里总结了导致发现溶血 PS 作为一种有效的信号生物分子的研究，并讨论了结构、它在生物系统中的检测以及这种溶血磷脂在各种哺乳动物系统中的生物分布。此外，我们详细描述了参与该脂质生物合成和降解的酶促途径以及文献中报道的假定溶血 PS 受体。最后，我们讨论了哺乳动物中由溶血 PSs 直接调节的各种生物途径，并为这种仍在出现的生物医学上重要的信号溶血磷脂展望了新的问题。以及这种溶血磷脂在各种哺乳动物系统中的生物分布。此外，我们详细描述了参与该脂质生物合成和降解的酶促途径以及文献中报道的假定溶血 PS 受体。最后，我们讨论了哺乳动物中由溶血 PSs 直接调节的各种生物途径，并为这种仍在出现的生物医学上重要的信号溶血磷脂展望了新的问题。以及这种溶血磷脂在各种哺乳动物系统中的生物分布。此外，我们详细描述了参与该脂质生物合成和降解的酶促途径以及文献中报道的假定溶血 PS 受体。最后，我们讨论了哺乳动物中由溶血 PSs 直接调节的各种生物途径，并为这种仍在出现的生物医学上重要的信号溶血磷脂展望了新的问题。

图形摘要