Switching perception of friend and foe Lysine motif receptors in plants perceive glycans that signal the presence of pathogenic or symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microbes. Bozsoki et al. now define the portions of these receptors that create the discriminatory binding pocket (see the Perspective by Bisseling and Geurts). The motifs were conserved in receptors that initiate immune responses, reflecting the invariable nature of the chitin fragments that they sense. Conversely, the motifs in receptors that respond to symbiotic signals were more varied, reflecting the greater diversity of the lipochitooligosaccharides (Nod factors) that they sense. With domain swapping, the authors switched the Nod factor specificity of receptors from two legume species and also enabled a chitin receptor that was otherwise dedicated to the detection of pathogenic microbes to instead recognize Nod factors. Science, this issue p. 663; see also p. 620 Protein domain swaps into existing plant nodulation and immune response receptors may enable rhizobial symbiosis in nonlegumes. Plants evolved lysine motif (LysM) receptors to recognize and parse microbial elicitors and drive intracellular signaling to limit or facilitate microbial colonization. We investigated how chitin and nodulation (Nod) factor receptors of Lotus japonicus initiate differential signaling of immunity or root nodule symbiosis. Two motifs in the LysM1 domains of these receptors determine specific recognition of ligands and discriminate between their in planta functions. These motifs define the ligand-binding site and make up the most structurally divergent regions in cognate Nod factor receptors. An adjacent motif modulates the specificity for Nod factor recognition and determines the selection of compatible rhizobial symbionts in legumes. We also identified how binding specificities in LysM receptors can be altered to facilitate Nod factor recognition and signaling from a chitin receptor, advancing the prospects of engineering rhizobial symbiosis into nonlegumes.

中文翻译：

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植物 LysM 受体中的配体识别基序是特异性的主要决定因素

切换植物中对敌我赖氨酸基序受体的感知，感知表示存在病原性或共生固氮微生物的聚糖。Bozsoki 等人。现在定义这些受体的部分，这些部分创建了歧视性结合口袋（参见 Bisseling 和 Geurts 的观点）。这些基序在启动免疫反应的受体中是保守的，反映了它们感知的几丁质片段的不变性质。相反，响应共生信号的受体中的基序更加多样化，反映了它们感知的脂壳寡糖（Nod 因子）的更大多样性。通过域交换，作者改变了来自两种豆科植物的受体的 Nod 因子特异性，并启用了一种原本专用于检测病原微生物的几丁质受体来识别 Nod 因子。科学，这个问题 p。663; 另见第 620 蛋白质结构域交换到现有的植物结瘤和免疫反应受体中，可能使非豆科植物中的根瘤菌共生成为可能。植物进化出赖氨酸基序 (LysM) 受体来识别和解析微生物激发子并驱动细胞内信号传导以限制或促进微生物定植。我们研究了莲藕的几丁质和结瘤 (Nod) 因子受体如何启动免疫或根瘤共生的差异信号。这些受体 LysM1 域中的两个基序决定了配体的特异性识别并区分它们在植物中的功能。这些基序定义了配体结合位点，并构成了同源 Nod 因子受体中结构差异最大的区域。相邻的基序调节 Nod 因子识别的特异性，并决定了豆科植物中相容的根瘤菌共生体的选择。我们还确定了如何改变 LysM 受体的结合特异性，以促进 Nod 因子识别和几丁质受体的信号传导，从而推动将根瘤菌共生工程化为非豆科植物的前景。相邻的基序调节 Nod 因子识别的特异性，并决定了豆科植物中相容的根瘤菌共生体的选择。我们还确定了如何改变 LysM 受体的结合特异性，以促进 Nod 因子识别和几丁质受体的信号传导，从而推动将根瘤菌共生工程化为非豆科植物的前景。相邻的基序调节 Nod 因子识别的特异性，并决定了豆科植物中相容的根瘤菌共生体的选择。我们还确定了如何改变 LysM 受体的结合特异性，以促进 Nod 因子识别和几丁质受体的信号传导，从而推动将根瘤菌共生工程化为非豆科植物的前景。