The 28 September 2018 magnitude Mw7.8 Palu, Indonesia earthquake (0.178° S, 119.840° E, depth 13 km) occurred at 10:02 UTC. The major earthquake triggered catastrophic liquefaction, landslides, and a near-field tsunami. The ionospheric total electron content (TEC) derived from records of 5 ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers is employed to detect tsunami traveling ionospheric disturbances (TTIDs). In total, 15 TTIDs have been detected. The ray-tracing and beamforming techniques are then used to find the TTID source location. The bootstrap method is applied in order to further explore the possible location of the tsunami source based on results of the two techniques, which show the beamforming technique has a slightly better performance on finding possible locations of the tsunami source. Meanwhile, the circle method is employed to examine tsunami signatures of the sea-surface height and video records, and find possible tsunami origin locations. The coincidence of the TTID source location and the tsunami location shows that the ionospheric TEC recorded by local ground-based GNSS receivers can be used to confirm the tsunami occurrence, find the tsunami location, and support the tsunami early warning.

中文翻译：

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利用电离层GNSS总电子含量扰动探测2018年9月28日苏拉威西海啸的源

2018年9月28日印度尼西亚帕卢Mw7.8级地震（0.178°S，119.840°E，深度13 km）发生在世界标准时间10:02。大地震引发了灾难性的液化，山体滑坡和近场海啸。由5个地面全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）接收器的记录得出的电离层总电子含量（TEC）用于检测海啸行进的电离层扰动（TTID）。总共检测到15个TTID。然后使用射线追踪和波束成形技术来查找TTID源位置。应用自举法是为了基于这两种技术的结果进一步探索海啸源的可能位置，这表明波束成形技术在寻找海啸源的可能位置方面具有更好的性能。与此同时，使用圆法检查海平面高度的海啸特征和视频记录，并找到可能的海啸起源位置。TTID源位置和海啸位置的重合表明，本地地面GNSS接收器记录的电离层TEC可以用于确认海啸的发生，查找海啸的位置并支持海啸预警。