ABSTRACT

Ampullariidae include the largest of all freshwater snails and are of ecological, evolutionary and anthropogenic importance in Southeast Asia (SEA). Native ampullariids belonging to the genus Pila face various threats but are understudied, with their species taxonomy being confused and data on their distributions being scarce. We provide a comprehensive update on the nomenclature, status and distribution of Pila species in Thailand, based on DNA barcoding and geometric morphometric analysis of recently collected material. We confirm that at least five Pila species are extant in Thailand: Pila virescens, P. celebensis, P. turbinis, P. gracilis and P. pesmei. Pila celebensis, which has distinctive egg masses among all the known Southeast Asian Pila, appears to be sister to a clade comprising other SEA and some African Pila. Our results suggest that Pila may have dispersed into SEA on at least two separate occasions. Two singletons collected from northern and eastern Thailand may constitute separate species, but this requires further study. Intraspecific diversity of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was relatively high for P. celebensis, P. gracilis and P. pesmei (maximum uncorrected p-distances varied from 7% to 9%), and may include cryptic species. Conversely, P. virescens showed low intraspecific p-distances (c. 0%) among clades collected from different localities. This strongly suggests that introductions by humans may be the major cause of this pattern, and our own observations—we found that this species is being cultured and is commonly sold in markets for human consumption—are consistent with this. Pila turbinis was the rarest species, with live snails being collected from only two localities. Throughout Thailand, invasive confamilial Pomacea species appear to be replacing native Pila species, particularly in the Chao Phraya basin. While Thai Pila exhibit surprisingly high genetic diversity, with cryptic species likely being present, widespread invasive snails pose a major threat to their survival and urgent conservation action is needed.

中文翻译：

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泰国消失的苹果蜗牛（Caenogastropoda：Ampullariidae）：分类学地位和分布的全面更新

摘要

mp科是所有淡水蜗牛中最大的，在东南亚（SEA）中具有生态，进化和人为的重要性。属于皮拉属的原生壶腹面临各种威胁，但受到了研究不足，物种分类学混乱，分布数据缺乏。我们基于最近收集的材料的DNA条形码和几何形态分析，提供了泰国Pila物种的命名，地位和分布的全面更新。我们确认，泰国至少有5种Pila物种存在：Pila virescens，P。celebensis，P。turbinis，P。gracilis和P. pesmei。名人在所有已知的东南亚皮拉中都有独特的卵团，似乎是其他SEA和一些非洲皮拉进化枝的姊妹。我们的结果表明，Pila至少在两次不同的情况下可能已经分散到SEA中。从泰国北部和东部收集的两个单例可能构成单独的物种，但这需要进一步研究。的线粒体细胞色素的种内多样性Ç氧化酶亚基I基因相对较高为P. celebensis，P.眼虫和P. pesmei（最大未校正的p的距离从7％变化至9％），并且可以包括隐种。相反，P。virescens显示出低的种内对距离（℃。 0％），从不同地方收集的进化枝中。这有力地表明，人类的引进可能是造成这种模式的主要原因，而我们自己的观察-我们发现该物种正在被养殖并且通常在供人类消费的市场上出售-与此相吻合。Turila turbinis是最稀有的物种，仅从两个地方收集活蜗牛。在整个泰国，侵入性的共生Pomacea物种似乎正在取代本地的Pila物种，特别是在湄南盆地。而泰国皮拉 由于显示出令人惊讶的高遗传多样性，可能存在隐性物种，广泛的入侵蜗牛对其生存构成重大威胁，需要采取紧急的保护行动。