Citrus psorosis was reported for the first time in Florida in 1896 and was confirmed as a graft-transmissible disease in 1934. Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) is the presumed causal agent of this disease. It is considered as a type species of the genus Ophiovirus, within the family Aspiviridae. CPsV genome is a negative single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) with three segments. It has a coat protein (CP) of 48 kDa and its particles are non-enveloped with naked filamentous nucleocapsids existing as either circular open structures or collapsed pseudo-linear forms. Numerous rapid and sensitive immuno-enzymatic and molecular-based detection methods specific to CPsV are available. CPsV occurrence in key citrus growing regions across the world has been spurred the establishment of the earliest eradication and virus-free budwood programs. Despite these efforts, CPsV remains a common and serious challenge in several countries and causes a range of symptoms depending on the isolate, the cultivar, and the environment. CPsV can be transmitted mechanically to some herbaceous hosts and back to citrus. Although CPsV was confirmed to be seedborne, the seed transmission is not efficient. CPsV natural spread has been increasing based on both CPsV surveys detection and specific CPsV symptoms monitoring. However, trials to ensure its transmission by a soil-inhabiting fungus and one aphid species have been unsuccessful. Psorosis disease control is achieved using CPsV-free buds for new plantations, launching budwood certification and indexing programs, and establishing a quarantine system for the introduction of new varieties. The use of natural resistance to control CPsV is very challenging. Transgenic resistance to at least some CPsV isolates is now possible in at least some sweet orange varieties and constitutes a promising biotechnological alternative to control CPsV. This paper provides an overview of the most remarkable achievements in CPsV research that could improve the understanding of the disease and lead the development of better control strategies.

中文翻译：

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柑橘类牛皮癣病毒：对仍然理解不佳的蛇病毒的最新见解。

柑橘类牛皮癣是1896年在佛罗里达州首次报道的，1934年被确认为可移植物传播的疾病。柑橘类牛皮癣病毒（CPsV）是​​该疾病的推测病因。它被认为是phiphivirus属的一种类型。，在家庭中。CPsV基因组是具有三个节段的阴性单链RNA（-ssRNA）。它具有48 kDa的外壳蛋白（CP），其颗粒没有被裸露的丝状核衣壳包裹，其呈圆形开放结构或折叠的伪线性形式存在。有许多针对CPsV的快速，灵敏的免疫酶和基于分子的检测方法可供使用。CPsV在世界主要柑橘生长地区的出现，已促使建立最早的消灭和无病毒的芽木计划。尽管做出了这些努力，CPsV在几个国家仍然是一个普遍而严峻的挑战，并会根据分离株，品种和环境而引起一系列症状。CPsV可以机械地传播到一些草本宿主，然后再传播回柑橘。尽管已确认CPsV是种子传播的，但种子传播效率不高。基于CPsV调查检测和特定CPsV症状监测，CPsV自然传播一直在增加。但是，确保其通过土壤真菌和一种蚜虫物种传播的试验尚未成功。通过使用无CPsV的芽用于新的人工林，启动芽木认证和索引程序以及建立用于引入新品种的检疫系统来实现牛皮癣疾病的控制。使用天然抗性来控制CPsV是非常具有挑战性的。现在至少在一些甜橙品种中可能对至少一些CPsV分离株进行转基因抗性，并且构成了控制CPsV的有前途的生物技术替代品。