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Update on Acute Bone and Joint Infections in Paediatrics: A Narrative Review on the Most Recent Evidence-Based Recommendations and Appropriate Antinfective Therapy.
Antibiotics ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-06 , DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080486
Giovanni Autore 1 , Luca Bernardi 1 , Susanna Esposito 1
Affiliation  

Acute bone and joint infections (BJIs) in children may clinically occur as osteomyelitis (OM) or septic arthritis (SA). In clinical practice, one-third of cases present a combination of both conditions. BJIs are usually caused by the haematogenous dissemination of septic emboli carried to the terminal blood vessels of bone and joints from distant infectious processes during transient bacteraemia. Early diagnosis is the cornerstone for the successful management of BJI, but it is still a challenge for paediatricians, particularly due to its nonspecific clinical presentation and to the poor specificity of the laboratory and imaging first-line tests that are available in emergency departments. Moreover, microbiological diagnosis is often difficult to achieve with common blood cultures, and further investigations require invasive procedures. The aim of this narrative review is to provide the most recent evidence-based recommendations on appropriate antinfective therapy in BJI in children. We conducted a review of recent literature by examining the MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) database using the search engines PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords used were “osteomyelitis”, OR “bone infection”, OR “septic arthritis”, AND “p(a)ediatric” OR “children”. When BJI diagnosis is clinically suspected or radiologically confirmed, empiric antibiotic therapy should be started as soon as possible. The choice of empiric antimicrobial therapy is based on the most likely causative pathogens according to patient age, immunisation status, underlying disease, and other clinical and epidemiological considerations, including the local prevalence of virulent pathogens, antibiotic bioavailability and bone penetration. Empiric antibiotic treatment consists of a short intravenous cycle based on anti-staphylococcal penicillin or a cephalosporin in children aged over 3 months with the addition of gentamicin in infants aged under 3 months. An oral regimen may be an option depending on the bioavailability of antibiotic chosen and clinical and laboratory data. Strict clinical and laboratory follow-up should be scheduled for the following 3–5 weeks. Further studies on the optimal therapeutic approach are needed in order to understand the best first-line regimen, the utility of biomarkers for the definition of therapy duration and treatment of complications.

中文翻译:

儿科急性骨和关节感染的最新进展:有关最新循证医学建议和适当抗感染治疗的叙述性综述。

儿童的急性骨关节感染(BJI)可能在临床上以骨髓炎(OM)或化脓性关节炎(SA)的形式发生。在临床实践中,三分之一的病例同时出现两种情况。BJI通常是由暂时性菌血症期间远距离感染过程携带到骨头和关节末端血管的化脓性栓子的血行扩散引起的。早期诊断是成功管理BJI的基石,但对儿科医生仍然是一个挑战,特别是由于其非特异性的临床表现以及急诊科中实验室和成像一线检测的特异性差。此外,通常的血液培养通常难以实现微生物诊断,并且进一步的研究需要侵入性程序。本篇叙事综述的目的是就儿童BJI中适当的抗感染治疗提供最新的循证医学建议。我们通过使用搜索引擎PubMed和Google Scholar检查MEDLINE(在线医学文献分析和检索系统)数据库,对最近的文献进行了回顾。使用的关键词是“骨髓炎”,“骨感染”,“化脓性关节炎”,“ p(a)儿科”或“儿童”。如果临床怀疑或放射学证实有BJI诊断,应尽快开始经验性抗生素治疗。根据患者年龄,免疫状况,潜在疾病以及其他临床和流行病学考虑因素,经验性抗微生物药物的选择应基于最可能的病原体,包括地方性的致病性致病菌,抗生素的生物利用度和骨渗透。经验性抗生素治疗包括在3个月以上的儿童中以抗葡萄球菌青霉素或头孢菌素为基础的短暂静脉注射,并在3个月以下的婴儿中添加庆大霉素。根据所选抗生素的生物利用度以及临床和实验室数据,口服方案可能是一种选择。应安排在接下来的3-5周内进行严格的临床和实验室随访。为了了解最佳的一线治疗方案,生物标志物在治疗时间和并发症治疗中的应用,需要进一步研究最佳治疗方法。经验性抗生素治疗包括在3个月以上的儿童中以抗葡萄球菌青霉素或头孢菌素为基础的短期静脉注射,并在3个月以下的婴儿中添加庆大霉素。口服方案可能是一种选择,具体取决于所选抗生素的生物利用度以及临床和实验室数据。应安排在接下来的3-5周内进行严格的临床和实验室随访。为了了解最佳的一线治疗方案,生物标志物在治疗时间和并发症治疗中的应用,需要进一步研究最佳治疗方法。经验性抗生素治疗包括在3个月以上的儿童中以抗葡萄球菌青霉素或头孢菌素为基础的短暂静脉注射,并在3个月以下的婴儿中添加庆大霉素。口服方案可能是一种选择,具体取决于所选抗生素的生物利用度以及临床和实验室数据。应安排在接下来的3-5周内进行严格的临床和实验室随访。为了了解最佳的一线治疗方案,生物标志物在治疗时间和并发症治疗中的应用,需要进一步研究最佳治疗方法。口服方案可能是一种选择,具体取决于所选抗生素的生物利用度以及临床和实验室数据。应安排在接下来的3-5周内进行严格的临床和实验室随访。为了了解最佳的一线治疗方案,生物标志物在治疗时间和并发症治疗中的应用,需要进一步研究最佳治疗方法。口服方案可能是一种选择,具体取决于所选抗生素的生物利用度以及临床和实验室数据。应安排在接下来的3-5周内进行严格的临床和实验室随访。为了了解最佳的一线治疗方案,生物标志物在治疗时间和并发症治疗中的应用,需要进一步研究最佳治疗方法。
更新日期:2020-08-06
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