Organic agriculture uses contracts and networks to overcome its asset‐specificity problems and to ensure compliance with its standards and norms, including environmental conservation. This study analyzed the effects of certified‐organic production on supplier failures and the potential income effects of these failures on vegetable and macadamia producers in Kenya. Using survey data and propensity score matching, the study found that organic macadamia production reduces delivery failures because its asset specificity necessitates a dedicated transport system. It also found that organic vegetable production reduces quality failures because organic consumers are often less concerned about the physical quality of organic produce. However, despite these advantages, cases of supplier failures are still rampant among both organic and nonorganic producers of macadamia and vegetables. The potential income effects of these supplier failures, especially quantity and delivery failures in macadamia, raise concerns. These problems necessitate policy interventions, especially with respect to establishing and strengthening producer organizations, which are often very instrumental in overcoming quality, quantity, and delivery failures.

中文翻译：

---

有机认证生产对供应商失败的影响以及供应商失败对生产者的潜在收入影响：肯尼亚蔬菜和澳洲坚果生产者的证据

有机农业使用合同和网络来克服其资产专用性问题，并确保遵守其标准和规范，包括环境保护。这项研究分析了有机认证生产对供应商失败的影响以及这些失败对肯尼亚蔬菜和澳洲坚果生产者的潜在收入影响。使用调查数据和倾向得分匹配，研究发现有机澳洲坚果生产减少了运送失败，因为其资产特异性需要专用的运输系统。研究还发现，有机蔬菜生产减少了质量下降，因为有机消费者通常较少关注有机产品的物理质量。但是，尽管有这些优势，在澳洲坚果和蔬菜的有机和非有机生产者中，供应商倒闭的情况仍然很普遍。这些供应商失败的潜在收入影响，尤其是澳洲坚果的数量和交付失败，引起了人们的关注。这些问题需要采取政策干预措施，尤其是在建立和加强生产者组织方面，这些措施通常在克服质量，数量和交付失败方面非常有用。