Infections with any pathogen can be severe and present with numerous complications caused by the pathogen or the host immune response to the invading microbe. However, coinfections, also called polymicrobial infections or secondary infections, can further exacerbate disease. Coinfections are more common than is often appreciated. In this review, we focus specifically on coinfections between viruses and other viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi. Importantly, innate immune signaling and innate immune cells that facilitate clearance of the initial viral infection can affect host susceptibility to coinfections. Understanding these immune imbalances may facilitate better diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of such coinfections.

中文翻译：

---

先有病毒还是先有卵：病毒合并感染期间的先天免疫。

任何病原体的感染都可能是严重的，并且会出现由病原体或宿主对入侵微生物的免疫反应引起的许多并发症。然而，合并感染，也称为多种微生物感染或继发感染，会进一步加剧疾病。合并感染比人们通常认为的更常见。在这篇综述中，我们特别关注病毒与其他病毒、细菌、寄生虫或真菌之间的共感染。重要的是，促进初始病毒感染清除的先天免疫信号和先天免疫细胞会影响宿主对共感染的易感性。了解这些免疫失衡可能有助于更好地诊断、预防和治疗此类合并感染。