Elucidating changes in prey behavior in response to a novel predator is key to understanding how individuals acclimate to shifting predation regimes. Such responses are predicted to vary among individuals as a function of the level of risk to which individuals are exposed, temporal changes in risk, and landscape‐mediated changes in perceived risk. We tested how GPS‐tracked moose (Alces alces, n = 19) responded to an emerging risk landscape with the introduction of hunting to a naïve population (large‐scale reduction experiment in Gros Morne National Park, Canada). We predicted that predation risk associated with hunters would influence moose habitat selection: Avoidance responses would be stronger during the day when hunting was allowed, and moose would learn to avoid risky locations which would strengthen in successive years for survivors occupying overall riskier home ranges. We found that moose avoided areas associated with a high risk of encounters with hunters but did not alter selection patterns between day and night. We did not find evidence of moose reacting more strongly to emerging risk as a function of risk within their home range. Moose did not increase their avoidance of areas associated with hunter risk across years but over time survivors selected non‐hunted refuge areas more frequently. Our results suggest that while moose did not adjust fine‐scale habitat selection through time to increased hunting risk, they did adjust selection at broader scales (based on proportions of hunter‐free habitat included in home range relative to study area). This finding supports the hypothesis that habitat selection at larger spatio‐temporal scales may reflect behavioral responses to a population’s most important limiting factors, which may not be apparent at finer scales.

中文翻译：

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个人对新型捕食风险的反应以及恐惧的出现

阐明响应于新型捕食者而改变的猎物行为，对于理解个体如何适应不断变化的捕食机制至关重要。据预测，个体之间的反应会随着个体所面临的风险水平，风险的时间变化以及景观介导的感知风险变化而变化。我们测试了GPS追踪的驼鹿（Alces alces，n = 19）通过对天真的人口进行狩猎来应对新兴的风险形势（加拿大格罗斯莫恩国家公园的大规模减少实验）。我们预测与猎人相关的捕食风险将影响麋鹿的栖息地选择：在允许狩猎的那天，逃避反应会更强，而麋鹿将学会避开危险的地点，因为幸存者将在连续数年中占据总体危险的家园。我们发现麋鹿避开了与猎人相遇的高风险地区，但没有改变白天和晚上之间的选择方式。我们没有发现麋鹿对新出现的风险有更强烈反应的证据，这些风险是它们本国范围内的风险的函数。多年来，驼鹿并没有增加对与猎人风险相关区域的回避，但随着时间的流逝，幸存者会更频繁地选择非狩猎避难区。我们的结果表明，尽管麋鹿并不会随着时间的推移而调整精细栖息地的选择，以增加狩猎的风险，但他们确实在更广泛的范围内调整了选择（基于相对于研究区域的家庭范围内无猎人的栖息地的比例）。这一发现支持以下假设：较大的时空尺度上的栖息地选择可能反映出对种群最重要的限制因素的行为反应，而在较小的尺度上可能并不明显。他们确实在更大范围内调整了选择范围（基于相对于研究区域的家庭范围内无猎人的栖息地比例）。这一发现支持以下假设：较大的时空尺度上的栖息地选择可能反映出对种群最重要的限制因素的行为反应，而在较小的尺度上可能并不明显。他们确实在更大范围内调整了选择范围（基于相对于研究区域的家庭范围内无猎人的栖息地所占的比例）。这一发现支持以下假设：较大的时空尺度上的栖息地选择可能反映出对种群最重要的限制因素的行为反应，而在较小的尺度上可能并不明显。