Native and nonnative plant species can exhibit differences in the timing of their reproductive phenology and their phenological sensitivity to climate. These contrasts may influence species' interactions and the invasion potential of nonnative species; however, a limited number of phenology studies expressly consider phenological mismatches among native and nonnative species over broad spatial or temporal scales. To fill this knowledge gap, we used two complementary approaches: First, we quantified the flowering phenology of native and nonnative plants at five old‐field sites across a spatially extensive range of eastern North America. Second, we used herbarium records to compare the sensitivity of flowering and fruiting phenology to climate across a 114‐yr time period in a subset of common old‐field species in southwestern Pennsylvania. Across the study region, nonnatives reproduced substantially earlier in the growing season than natives, suggesting that nonnatives occupy a unique phenological niche (0.55 months earlier flowering across the North American study sites; 50.1 d earlier flowering and 17.5 d earlier fruiting in southwestern Pennsylvania). Both natives and nonnatives advanced their reproductive phenology between 1900 and 2014 but exhibited contrasting phenological sensitivity to climate factors. During the flowering stage of phenology, nonnatives were more sensitive to changes in precipitation than natives and generally delayed flowering in wetter years. Nonnative plants had greater sensitivity and advanced fruiting when the month preceding fruiting was warmer, while native plants had greater sensitivity and advanced fruiting when the three‐month period preceding fruiting was warmer. Our findings suggest that nonnative old‐field species occupy an earlier phenological niche relative to native species, which may facilitate their invasion into old‐field communities. However, given the different sensitivities of native and nonnative plants to climate factors, present‐day patterns of phenology are likely to shift with future climate changes, potentially leading to novel species interactions that may influence the outcomes of invasion.

中文翻译：

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非本地的旧田地物种栖息在早期的物候生态位上，对气候表现出独特的敏感性

本地和非本地植物物种在生殖物候的时间安排以及它们对气候的物候敏感性方面可能表现出差异。这些对比可能会影响物种的相互作用和外来物种的入侵潜力。然而，有限的物候学研究明确地考虑了在广阔的空间或时间尺度上本地和非本地物种之间的物候不匹配。为了填补这一知识空白，我们使用了两种互补的方法：首先，我们在北美东部空间分布广泛的五个老场址上对本地和非本地植物的开花物候进行了量化。其次，我们使用植物标本室的记录来比较宾夕法尼亚州西南部一个常见的旧田间物种在114年时间内开花和结果物候对气候的敏感性。在整个研究区域中，非本地人在生长季节的繁殖要比本地人早得多，这表明非本地人占据着独特的物候生态位（北美研究地点的开花时间提前了0.55个月；宾夕法尼亚州西南部的开花时间提前了50.1 d，结果则提前了17.5 d）。在1900年至2014年之间，本地人和非本地人的生殖物候都得到了提高，但对气候因素的物候敏感性却表现出鲜明的对比。在物候期的开花阶段，非本地人比本地人对降水变化更敏感，并且通常在较湿的年份延迟开花。当结实的前一个月变暖时，非本地植物具有更高的敏感性和更早的结实，而当结果前三个月的温度升高时，本土植物则具有更高的敏感性和更早的结果。我们的发现表明，相对于本地物种而言，非本地旧场物种在物候生态位上占有更早的位置，这可能有助于它们入侵到旧场社区中。但是，由于本地植物和非本地植物对气候因素的敏感性不同，当今物候形态可能会随着未来的气候变化而发生变化，从而可能导致可能影响入侵结果的新型物种相互作用。