Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a unique method of in vitro regeneration for plant reproduction, germplasm resource preservation, and molecular-assisted breeding. Although lily is an internationally valued ornamental plant, its SE technology is still incomplete. Here, the effects of different explants, picloram (PIC) concentrations, and light conditions on somatic embryo induction, development, germination and seedling formation were studied in five Lilium varieties belonging to different hybrids. The embryo histomorphology, development and origins were observed, and a broadly efficient embryogenesis system was firstly established in Lilium. With leaf explants, all varieties tested underwent indirect somatic embryogenesis (SE). With scale explants, the Lilium Asiatic ‘Strawberry and Cream’, Lilium Oriental ‘Double Surprise’, and Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘White Heaven’ underwent indirect SE and the Lilium longiflorum × Asiatic hybrid ‘Eyeliner’ and Lilium longiflorum × Oriental ‘Triumphator’ underwent direct SE. Somatic embryogenesis in the above varieties involved four stages: globular, heart-shaped, torpedo-shaped, and cotyledon embryos. Two original SE pathways (endogenous and exogenous) were observed, and their appearance times differed. In indirect SE, exogenous embryos appeared first, followed by endogenous embryos; whereas in direct SE, the order was reversed. The different somatic embryo origins and the proportion of internal and external origins were closely related to the occurrence of somatic embryos by direct or indirect pathways and significantly affected the induction cycle of somatic embryos. Dark culture promoted lily somatic embryo induction, while 16 h/day light culture promoted germination, and the germination rates of all five lily varieties exceeded 90%. Murashige Skoog (MS) medium + (1.5–2.5 mg L⁻¹) PIC + 0.2 mg L⁻¹ 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was suitable for SE from lily leaves and scales with an induction efficiency of 88–96%.

体细胞胚发生（SE）是用于植物繁殖，种质资源保存和分子辅助育种的体外再生的独特方法。尽管百合是具有国际价值的观赏植物，但其SE技术仍不完善。在这里，研究了五个不同杂种百合属植物中不同外植体，吡咯喃（PIC）的浓度和光照条件对体胚诱导，发育，萌发和幼苗形成的影响。观察了胚胎的组织形态，发育和起源，并在百合中首次建立了广泛有效的胚胎发生系统。对于叶片外植体，所有测试的品种都经历了间接体细胞胚发生（SE）。带有鳞片外植体的百合亚洲的“草莓和奶油”，东方百合“双重惊喜”和长百合百合。“白天堂”接受了间接SE和长百合百合 ×亚洲杂种“眼线”和长百合 ×东方“胜利者”直接接受SE。上述品种的体细胞胚发生涉及四个阶段：球形，心形，鱼雷形和子叶胚。观察到两个原始的SE途径（内源性和外源性），它们的出现时间不同。在间接SE中，首先出现外源胚胎，其次是内源胚胎。而在直接SE中，顺序相反。不同的体细胞胚胎起源以及内部和外部起源的比例与通过直接或间接途径发生的体细胞胚胎密切相关，并显着影响体细胞胚胎的诱导周期。深色栽培促进了百合体细胞胚的诱导，而16 h / day的轻培养促进了发芽，所有五个百合品种的发芽率均超过90％。Murashige Skoog（MS）培养基+（1。^-1）PIC + 0.2 mg L ^-1 1-萘乙酸（NAA）适用于百合叶和鳞片的SE，诱导效率为88–96％。