This paper presents the results of pollen, diatom, charcoal, and sediment analyses from Lake Bol’shoye Zavetnoye, situated between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga on the Karelian Isthmus, north-western Russia. The main goal is to contribute to the discussion of Neolithic land use in north-eastern Europe. The article aims to answer questions related to Stone Age hunter-gatherer economy, ecology, and anthropogenic environmental impact through a comprehensive combination of multiple types of palaeoecological data and archaeological material. According to diatom data, Lake Bol’shoye Zavetnoye was influenced by the water level oscillations of Ancient Lake Ladoga during much of the Holocene. Intensified human activity and prolonged human occupation become visible in the Lake Bol’shoye Zavetnoye pollen data between 4480 BC and 3250 BC. During the final centuries of the Stone Age, a new phase of land use began, as several anthropogenic indicators, such as Triticum, Cannabis, and Plantago lanceolata appear in the pollen data and a decrease in Pinus values is recorded. In general, the results indicate that socio-cultural transformations could have taken place already from the mid-5th millennium BC onwards, including new ways of utilizing the environment, perhaps also in the field of subsistence, even though the livelihood was based on foraging throughout the period.

中文翻译：

---

全新世拉多加古湖沿岸的人类与环境相互作用：基于俄罗斯卡累利阿地峡古生态和考古材料的案例研究

本文介绍了位于芬兰湾和俄罗斯西北部卡累利阿地峡的拉多加湖之间的 Bol'shoye Zavetnoye 湖的花粉、硅藻、木炭和沉积物分析结果。主要目标是为讨论东北欧新石器时代的土地利用做出贡献。本文旨在通过多种类型的古生态数据和考古材料的综合结合，回答有关石器时代狩猎采集经济、生态和人为环境影响的问题。根据硅藻数据，Bol'shoye Zavetnoye 湖在全新世的大部分时间受到古拉多加湖水位波动的影响。在公元前 4480 年至公元前 3250 年之间的博尔绍耶扎维特诺耶湖花粉数据中，人类活动的加剧和人类长期占领变得可见。在石器时代的最后几个世纪，土地利用的新阶段开始了，因为花粉数据中出现了几种人为指标，如小麦、大麻和车前草，并记录了松树价值的下降。总的来说，结果表明社会文化变革可能从公元前 5 世纪中叶开始就已经发生了，包括利用环境的新方法，也许也在生计领域，尽管生计始终以觅食为基础时期。