The classical taxonomy of fossil invertebrates is based on subjective judgments of morphology, which can cause confusion, because there are no codified standards for the classification of genera. Here, we explore the validity of the genus taxonomy of 75 species and morphospecies of the Follicucullidae, a late Paleozoic family of radiolarians, using a new method, Hayashi's quantification theory II (HQT-II), a general multivariate statistical method for categorical datasets relevant to discriminant analysis. We identify a scheme of 10 genera rather than the currently accepted 3 genera (Follicucullus, Ishigaconus, and Parafollicucullus). As HQT-II cannot incorporate stratigraphic data, a phylogenetic tree of Follicucullidae was reconstructed for 38 species using maximum parsimony. Six lineages emerged, roughly in concordance with the results of HQT-II. Combined with parsimony ancestral state reconstruction, the ancestral group of this family is Haplodiacanthus. Five other groups were discriminated, the Parafollicucullus, Curvalbaillella, Pseudoalbaillella, Longtanella, and Follicucullus–Cariver lineages. The morphological evolution of these lineages comprises a minimum essential list of eight states of four traits. HQT-II is a novel discriminant analytical multivariate method that may be of value in other taxonomic problems of paleobiology.

中文翻译：

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量化和简约理论下属级分类的可验证性：以毛囊虫放射虫为例

无脊椎动物化石的经典分类是基于对形态的主观判断，这可能会引起混淆，因为没有成文的属分类标准。在这里，我们使用一种新方法 Hayashi 量化理论 II (HQT-II)，一种用于相关分类数据集的通用多元统计方法，探讨了 75 个物种和形态种的属分类的有效性。进行判别分析。我们确定了一个 10 属的方案，而不是目前公认的 3 属（毛囊,石贺， 和副毛囊菌）。由于 HQT-II 无法纳入地层数据，因此使用最大简约法为 38 个物种重建了毛囊藻科的系统发育树。出现了六个谱系，与 HQT-II 的结果大致一致。结合简约祖邦重建，这个家族的祖族群是半棘鱼属. 其他五组受到歧视，副毛囊菌,曲瓦尔贝氏菌,假白藻,龙塔尼拉， 和毛囊–载体血统。这些谱系的形态进化包括四个特征的八个状态的最小基本列表。HQT-II 是一种新颖的判别分析多元方法，可能对古生物学的其他分类问题有价值。