Land use change—for example, the conversion of natural habitats to agricultural or urban ecosystems—is widely recognized to influence the risk and emergence of zoonotic disease in humans 1 , 2 . However, whether such changes in risk are underpinned by predictable ecological changes remains unclear. It has been suggested that habitat disturbance might cause predictable changes in the local diversity and taxonomic composition of potential reservoir hosts, owing to systematic, trait-mediated differences in species resilience to human pressures 3 , 4 . Here we analyse 6,801 ecological assemblages and 376 host species worldwide, controlling for research effort, and show that land use has global and systematic effects on local zoonotic host communities. Known wildlife hosts of human-shared pathogens and parasites overall comprise a greater proportion of local species richness (18–72% higher) and total abundance (21–144% higher) in sites under substantial human use (secondary, agricultural and urban ecosystems) compared with nearby undisturbed habitats. The magnitude of this effect varies taxonomically and is strongest for rodent, bat and passerine bird zoonotic host species, which may be one factor that underpins the global importance of these taxa as zoonotic reservoirs. We further show that mammal species that harbour more pathogens overall (either human-shared or non-human-shared) are more likely to occur in human-managed ecosystems, suggesting that these trends may be mediated by ecological or life-history traits that influence both host status and tolerance to human disturbance 5 , 6 . Our results suggest that global changes in the mode and the intensity of land use are creating expanding hazardous interfaces between people, livestock and wildlife reservoirs of zoonotic disease. Wildlife communities in human-managed ecosystems contain proportionally more species that share human pathogens, and at a higher abundance, than undisturbed habitats, suggesting that landscape transformation creates increasing opportunities for contact between humans and potential hosts of human disease.

中文翻译：

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人类主导的生态系统中人畜共患宿主多样性增加

土地利用变化——例如，将自然栖息地转变为农业或城市生态系统——被广泛认为会影响人类 1 , 2 人畜共患病的风险和出现。然而，这种风险变化是否以可预测的生态变化为基础仍不清楚。有人提出，由于物种对人类压力的系统性、性状介导的差异 3 、 4 ，栖息地干扰可能会导致潜在水库宿主的局部多样性和分类组成发生可预测的变化。在这里，我们分析了全球 6,801 个生态组合和 376 个宿主物种，控制了研究工作，并表明土地利用对当地人畜共患病宿主群落具有全球性和系统性影响。在人类大量使用的地点（二级、农业和城市生态系统）中，已知的人类共有病原体和寄生虫的野生动物宿主总体上占当地物种丰富度（高出 18-72%）和总丰度（高出 21-144%）的更大比例与附近未受干扰的栖息地相比。这种影响的程度因分类而异，对啮齿动物、蝙蝠和雀形目鸟类的人畜共患病宿主物种最为强烈，这可能是支撑这些类群作为人畜共患病宿主的全球重要性的一个因素。我们进一步表明，总体上携带更多病原体（人类共享或非人类共享）的哺乳动物物种更有可能发生在人类管理的生态系统中，这表明这些趋势可能是由影响生态或生活史特征的生态或生活史特征介导的。宿主状态和对人为干扰的耐受性 5, 6。我们的研究结果表明，全球土地利用方式和强度的变化正在人畜共患疾病的人、牲畜和野生动物水库之间创造不断扩大的危险界面。在人类管理的生态系统中，与未受干扰的栖息地相比，人类管理的生态系统中的野生动物群落所包含的物种比例更高，并且数量更多，这表明景观转变为人类与人类疾病的潜在宿主之间的接触创造了更多的机会。