In Indonesia, the solar photovoltaic (PV) market is rapidly growing. However, studies on the outdoor performance of PV systems in this tropical rainforest country is lacking. In this work, we compare the performance of PV systems in Indonesia with PV systems in Australia (arid, desert, hot) and Italy (temperate, dry summer, hot summer). Monitoring data from 2008 to 2019, ranging from two to nine years, from fifteen PV systems of six technologies were analyzed. The performance of the PV systems was presented using their performance ratio (PR) and performance loss rate (PLR). PR was calculated using IEC standard 61724, and PLR was calculated using seasonal and trend decomposition, applying locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (STL decomposition) and the year-on-year approach from NREL/RdTools. The results showed that the CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) system had the highest average PR value of 0.88 ± 0.04. The lowest average PR was found in the a-Si (amorphous silicon) PV systems (0.78 ± 0.05). The p-Si (polycrystalline silicon) systems in the Cfb (temperate, no dry season, warm summer) climate of Italy had a higher average PR of 0.84 than those operated in climates BWh (arid, desert, hot) of Australia and Af (tropical, rainforest) of Indonesia, with the same value of 0.81. The p-Si systems showed the lowest PLR, with a value of -0.6%/year. The fastest degradation was experienced by a-Si modules at -1.58%/year. The methodological differences in the calculation of PLR using both tested approaches resulted in a significant difference in the degradation value, which demands standardization of the term and calculation methodology.

中文翻译：

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三种气候六技术光伏系统运行性能及退化

在印度尼西亚，太阳能光伏 (PV) 市场正在迅速增长。然而，缺乏对这个热带雨林国家光伏系统室外性能的研究。在这项工作中，我们将印度尼西亚光伏系统的性能与澳大利亚（干旱、沙漠、炎热）和意大利（温带、夏季干燥、炎热的夏季）的光伏系统进行了比较。分析了从 2008 年到 2019 年，从 2 到 9 年不等的监测数据，来自 6 种技术的 15 个光伏系统。PV 系统的性能使用其性能比 (PR) 和性能损失率 (PLR) 来表示。PR 使用 IEC 标准 61724 计算，PLR 使用季节性和趋势分解计算，应用局部加权散点图平滑（STL 分解）和来自 NREL/RdTools 的同比方法。结果表明，CIGS（铜铟镓硒）系统的平均PR值最高，为0.88±0.04。在 a-Si（非晶硅）光伏系统中发现了最低的平均 PR (0.78 ± 0.05)。意大利 Cfb（温带、无旱季、温暖夏季）气候中的 p-Si（多晶硅）系统的平均 PR 值高于在澳大利亚和 Af 气候 BWh（干旱、沙漠、炎热）下运行的系统的平均 PR 为 0.84（热带、雨林）的印度尼西亚，相同的值为 0.81。p-Si 系统的 PLR 最低，值为 -0.6%/年。a-Si 模块的退化速度最快，为 -1.58%/年。使用两种测试方法计算 PLR 的方法学差异导致退化值的显着差异，这需要术语和计算方法的标准化。