Humans are living in an uncertain world, with daily risks confronting them from various low to high hazard events, and the COVID-19 pandemic has created its own set of unique risks. Not only has it caused a significant number of fatalities, but in combination with other hazard sources, it may pose a considerably higher multi-risk. In this paper, three hazardous events are studied through the lens of a concurring pandemic. Several low-probability high-risk scenarios are developed by the combination of a pandemic situation with a natural hazard (e.g., earthquakes or floods) or a complex emergency situation (e.g., mass protests or military movements). The hybrid impacts of these multi-hazard situations are then qualitatively studied on the healthcare systems, and their functionality loss. The paper also discusses the impact of pandemic’s (long-term) temporal effects on the type and recovery duration from these adverse events. Finally, the concept of escape from a hazard, evacuation, sheltering and their potential conflict during a pandemic and a natural hazard is briefly reviewed. The findings show the cascading effects of these multi-hazard scenarios, which are unseen nearly in all risk legislation. This paper is an attempt to urge funding agencies to provide additional grants for multi-hazard risk research.

中文翻译：

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生活在多重风险的混乱状态中：流行病、自然灾害和复杂的紧急情况。


人类生活在一个不确定的世界中，每天都面临着各种低危到高危事件的风险，而新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 大流行也带来了一系列独特的风险。它不仅造成了大量死亡，而且与其他危险源结合起来，可能会造成相当高的多重风险。在本文中，从同时发生的大流行的角度研究了三起危险事件。一些低概率的高风险情景是由流行病情况与自然灾害（例如地震或洪水）或复杂的紧急情况（例如大规模抗议或军事行动）相结合而形成的。然后，对这些多种灾害情况的混合影响对医疗保健系统及其功能损失进行定性研究。本文还讨论了大流行的（长期）时间影响对这些不良事件的类型和恢复持续时间的影响。最后，简要回顾了在大流行和自然灾害期间逃离危险、疏散、庇护的概念及其潜在冲突。研究结果显示了这些多重危害情景的连锁效应，这在几乎所有风险立法中都看不到。本文试图敦促资助机构为多灾种风险研究提供额外资助。