The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central regulator of metabolism that integrates environmental inputs, including nutrients, growth factors, and stress signals. mTORC1 activation upregulates anabolism of diverse macromolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, while downregulating autolysosomal catabolism. mTORC1 dysregulation is often found in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as metabolic syndromes involving obesity and type II diabetes. As an essential metabolic organ, the liver requires proper regulation of mTORC1 for maintaining homeostasis and preventing pathologies. For instance, aberrant hyper- or hypoactivation of mTORC1 disrupts hepatocellular homeostasis and damages the structural and functional integrity of the tissue, leading to prominent liver injury and the development of hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Proper regulation of mTORC1 during liver diseases may be beneficial for restoring liver function and ameliorating the detrimental consequences of liver failure.

中文翻译：

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肝脏 mTORC1 失调的病理后果

雷帕霉素复合物 1 (mTORC1) 的哺乳动物靶标是代谢的中央调节器，可整合环境输入，包括营养物质、生长因子和压力信号。mTORC1 激活可上调多种大分子（如蛋白质、脂质和核酸）的合成代谢，同时下调自溶酶体的分解代谢。mTORC1 失调经常出现在各种疾病中，包括癌症、心血管和神经退行性疾病，以及涉及肥胖和 II 型糖尿病的代谢综合征。作为重要的代谢器官，肝脏需要适当调节 mTORC1 以维持体内平衡和预防病变。例如，mTORC1 的异常高激活或低激活会破坏肝细胞稳态并破坏组织的结构和功能完整性，导致显着的肝损伤和肝细胞癌变的发展。在肝病期间适当调节 mTORC1 可能有益于恢复肝功能和减轻肝功能衰竭的不利后果。