A large species diversity characterises the wide distribution of chestnuts in Asia, North America, and Europe, hence reflecting not only the adaptation of the genus Castanea to diverse environmental conditions, but also to different management strategies encompassing orchards. The characterisation and description of chestnut populations and cultivars are crucial to develop effective conservation strategies of one of the most important Italian and European fruit and wood species. Chestnut cultivars grown in the same pedoclimatic conditions and on the same clonal rootstock were characterised with sensory, spectrophotometric, and chromatographic analysis to determine the phytochemical composition and nutraceutical properties. A multivariate approach, including principal component analysis and conditional inference tree models, was also performed. The ease of peeling, seed colour, and intensity of sweetness were the sensory descriptors that allowed us to differentiate C. sativa cultivars. Antioxidant capacity ranged from 9.30 ± 0.39 mmol Fe⁺² kg⁻¹ DW (‘Bouche de Bètizac’) to 19.96 ± 1.89 mmol Fe⁺² kg⁻¹ DW (‘Garrone Rosso’). Monoterpenes represented the main component, reaching 88% for hybrids, followed by polyphenols (10–25% for hybrids and chestnuts, respectively). A multivariate approach showed that phenolic acids and tannins were the bioactive classes with the highest discriminating power among different genotypes, and that genotype is a significant variable (p < 0.05). In addition, most of the analysed chestnut cultivars showed a content of bioactive compounds similar to or higher than the main hazelnut, walnut, and almond varieties. Chestnut agrobiodiversity could be intended as strictly associated to the genotype effect and underlines the large variability within the genus Castanea, and therefore, the importance of in farm and ex situ conservation of local germplasm is part of a global strategy aimed at increasing the levels of agrobiodiversity.

中文翻译：

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板栗属 农业生物多样性保护：基因型对同一克隆根茎上生长的品种化学和感官特性的影响。

板栗在亚洲、北美和欧洲广泛分布，物种多样性大，这不仅反映了板栗属对不同环境条件的适应，而且反映了果园不同的管理策略。板栗种群和品种的特征和描述对于制定意大利和欧洲最重要的水果和木材品种之一的有效保护策略至关重要。通过感官、分光光度和色谱分析对在相同土壤气候条件和相同克隆砧木上生长的板栗品种进行表征，以确定植物化学成分和营养特性。还采用了多变量方法，包括主成分分析和条件推理树模型。剥皮的容易程度、种子颜色和甜味强度是使我们能够区分苜蓿品种的感官描述符。抗氧化能力范围为 9.30 ± 0.39 mmol Fe ⁺² kg ⁻¹ DW ('Bouche de Bètizac') 至 19.96 ± 1.89 mmol Fe ⁺² kg ⁻¹ DW ('Garrone Rosso')。单萜是主要成分，杂种达到88%，其次是多酚（杂种和栗子分别为10%~25%）。多变量方法表明，酚酸和单宁是不同基因型之间区分能力最高的生物活性类别，并且基因型是一个显着变量（p < 0.05）。此外，大多数分析的板栗品种的生物活性化合物含量与主要榛子、核桃和杏仁品种相似或更高。板栗农业生物多样性可能与基因型效应严格相关，并强调栗属内的巨大变异性，因此，农场和异地保护当地种质的重要性是旨在提高农业生物多样性水平的全球战略的一部分。