The increasing population growth has caused a phenomenon called urban sprawl in most cities in the world. Urban sprawl has imposed adverse economic and environmental impacts on cities. Therefore, study, measurement and recognition of this phenomenon are essential. The purpose of this study is the identification and measurement of urban sprawl intensity in the Urmia city (capital of West Azerbaijan Province of Iran). It causes urban planners and managers to better plan for the future growth of the Urmia and achieve sustainable urban development with greater awareness and understanding. The present research is a theoretical–applied research purpose and is descriptive–analytic in terms of research nature. Several methods have been used for measuring urban sprawl. Nowadays, landscape metrics and spatial data are widely used worldwide because they detected urban sprawl with great detail and accuracy. Thus, in the present research, in order to measure urban sprawl in Urmia city, the black-and-white hypothesis and satellite imagery and integration of these data with landscape metrics have been used for the first time in Iran. In this regard, satellite images of 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2016 were collected with the help of Landsat satellite. These images were classified using an artificial neural network in two classes: built and non-built. Then the detection of changes was done using ENVI 5.3 software and also using landscape metrics (fractal dimension index, largest patch index, contiguity index, number of patches index and shape index) by Fragstats 4.2 software in order to measure urban sprawl in Urmia city. The results of this study indicate that urban sprawl in Urmia during the period of 1991–2011 had a decreasing rate and from then until now has been increasing and it will be continued.

中文翻译：

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使用景观指标和黑白假设的城市蔓延评估（案例研究：乌尔米亚市）

不断增长的人口增长在世界上大多数城市造成了一种称为城市蔓延的现象。城市扩张给城市带来了不利的经济和环境影响。因此，对这一现象的研究、测量和识别是必不可少的。本研究的目的是识别和测量乌尔米亚市（伊朗西阿塞拜疆省的首府）的城市扩张强度。它促使城市规划者和管理者更好地规划乌尔米亚未来的发展，以更高的意识和理解实现可持续的城市发展。目前的研究是一个理论应用研究目的，在研究性质方面是描述性分析。已使用多种方法来衡量城市蔓延。如今，景观指标和空间数据在世界范围内被广泛使用，因为它们可以非常详细和准确地检测城市蔓延。因此，在目前的研究中，为了衡量乌尔米亚市的城市扩张，伊朗首次使用黑白假设和卫星图像以及这些数据与景观指标的整合。在这方面，在 Landsat 卫星的帮助下收集了 1991、2001、2011 和 2016 年的卫星图像。这些图像使用人工神经网络分为两类：构建的和非构建的。然后使用ENVI 5.3软件和Fragstats 4.2软件使用景观指标（分形维数指数、最大斑块指数、邻接指数、斑块数指数和形状指数）进行变化检测，以测量乌尔米亚市的城市蔓延。