This paper considers the question of whether chimpanzees possess at least a primitive sense of normativity: i.e., some ability to internalize and enforce social norms—rules governing appropriate and inappropriate behaviour—within their social groups, and to make evaluations of others’ behaviour in light of such norms. A number of scientists and philosophers have argued that such a sense of normativity does exist in chimpanzees and in several other non-human primate and mammalian species. However, the dominant view in the scientific and philosophical literature is that psychological capacities for social norms evolved uniquely in the human lineage, after our last common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos. After reviewing some of the existing evidence for normative capacity in chimpanzees, I defend the thesis of chimpanzee normativity against three key theoretical objections that have been presented in the literature, each of which have played a part in motivating the dominant sceptical position. I argue that, while we still have much to learn about the nature and extent of the normative capacities of other animals, there is strong prima facie evidence for social norms and normative evaluation in chimpanzees and the main theoretical objections to chimpanzee normativity are not at all compelling.

中文翻译：

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黑猩猩规范性：证据和反对意见

本文考虑了黑猩猩是否至少具有原始的规范性意识的问题：即，在其社会群体中内化和执行社会规范——管理适当和不适当行为的规则——的某种能力，并根据其他人的行为来评估其他人的行为。 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?这样的规范。许多科学家和哲学家认为，这种规范感确实存在于黑猩猩和其他几种非人类灵长类动物和哺乳动物物种中。然而，科学和哲学文献中的主流观点是，在我们与黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩的最后一个共同祖先之后，社会规范的心理能力在人类谱系中独特地进化。在审查了黑猩猩规范能力的一些现有证据后，我针对文献中提出的三个关键理论反对意见来捍卫黑猩猩规范性的论点，每个反对意见都在激发主要的怀疑论立场方面发挥了作用。我认为，虽然我们对其他动物的规范能力的性质和程度仍有很多需要了解，但黑猩猩的社会规范和规范评估有强有力的初步证据，对黑猩猩规范性的主要理论反对意见根本没有引人注目。