Carbapenemases inactivate most β-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems and have been frequently reported among Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Traditionally, the horizontal gene transfer of carbapenemase-encoding genes (CEGs) has been linked to plasmids. However, given that integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are possibly the most abundant conjugative elements among prokaryotes, we conducted an in-silico analysis to ascertain the likely role of ICEs in the spread of CEGs among all bacterial genomes (n=182,663). We detected 17,520 CEGs, of which 66 were located within putative ICEs among several bacterial species (including clinically-relevant bacteria as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli). Most CEGs detected within ICEs belong to the IMP, NDM and SPM metallo-beta-lactamase families, and the serine beta-lactamase KPC and GES families. Different mechanisms were likely responsible for acquisition of these genes. The majority of CEG-bearing ICEs belong to the MPFG, MPFT and MPFF classes and often encode resistance to other antibiotics (e.g., aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones). This study provides a snapshot of the different CEGs associated with ICEs among available bacterial genomes and sheds light on the underappreciated contribution of ICEs to the spread of carbapenem resistance globally.

中文翻译：

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全面的基因组数据分析建立了碳青霉烯酶，ICEs和多种临床相关细菌的三重打击

碳青霉烯酶使大多数β-内酰胺抗生素（包括碳青霉烯）失活，并且在肠杆菌科，不动杆菌属中经常报道。和假单胞菌属。传统上，碳青霉烯酶编码基因（CEG）的水平基因转移已与质粒连接。但是，考虑到整合和结合元素（ICE）可能是原核生物中最丰富的结合元素，我们进行了计算机分析，以确定ICE在所有细菌基因组中CEG传播中的可能作用（n = 182,663）。我们检测到了17,520种CEG，其中66种位于几种细菌（包括与临床相关的细菌如铜绿假单胞菌，肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠杆菌）之间的假定ICE中。ICE中检测到的大多数CEG都属于IMP，NDM和SPM金属β-内酰胺酶家族，以及丝氨酸β-内酰胺酶KPC和GES家族。不同的机制可能负责这些基因的获取。大多数带有CEG的ICE属于MPFG，MPFT和MPFF类，并且通常编码对其他抗生素（例如氨基糖苷类和氟喹诺酮类）的耐药性。这项研究提供了可用细菌基因组中与ICE相关的不同CEG的快照，并阐明了ICE对碳青霉烯抗药性在全球范围内传播的贡献不足。氨基糖苷类和氟喹诺酮类）。这项研究提供了可用细菌基因组中与ICE相关的不同CEG的快照，并阐明了ICE对碳青霉烯抗药性在全球范围内传播的贡献不足。氨基糖苷类和氟喹诺酮类）。这项研究提供了可用细菌基因组中与ICE相关的不同CEG的快照，并阐明了ICE对碳青霉烯抗药性在全球范围内传播的贡献不足。