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Contingent trade-off decisions with feedbacks in cyclical environments: testing alternative theories
Behavioral Ecology ( IF 2.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-21 , DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa070
Steven F Railsback 1, 2 , Bret C Harvey 3 , Daniel Ayllón 4
Affiliation  

Many animals make contingent decisions, such as when and where to feed, as trade-offs between growth and risk when these vary not only with activity and location but also 1) in cycles such as the daily light cycle and 2) with feedbacks due to competition. Theory can assume an individual decides whether and where to feed, at any point in the light cycle and under any new conditions, by predicting future conditions and maximizing an approximate measure of future fitness. We develop four such theories for stream trout and evaluate them by their ability to reproduce, in an individual-based model, seven patterns observed in real trout. The patterns concern how feeding in four circadian phases—dawn, day, dusk, and night—varies with predation risk, food availability, temperature, trout density, physical habitat, day length, and circadian cycles in food availability. We found that theory must consider the full circadian cycle: decisions at one phase must consider what happens in other phases. Three theories that do so could reproduce almost all the patterns, and their ability to let individuals adapt decisions over time produced higher average fitness than any fixed behavior cycle. Because individuals could adapt by selecting among habitat patches as well as activity, multiple behaviors produced similar fitness. Our most successful theories base selection of habitat and activity at each phase on memory of survival probabilities and growth rates experienced 1) in the three previous phases of the current day or 2) in each phase of several previous days.

中文翻译:

周期性环境中带有反馈的权衡决策:测试替代理论

许多动物会做出偶然的决定,例如何时何地进食,作为生长和风险之间的权衡,因为它们不仅因活动和位置而异,而且 1) 在诸如每日光照周期之类的周期中以及 2) 由于竞赛。理论可以假设个体通过预测未来条件和最大化未来健康的近似度量来决定在光照周期的任何时间点和任何新条件下是否以及在哪里喂食。我们为河鳟开发了四种这样的理论,并通过它们在基于个体的模型中再现真实鳟鱼中观察到的七种模式的能力来评估它们。这些模式涉及四个昼夜节律阶段(黎明、白天、黄昏和夜晚)的摄食如何随捕食风险、食物供应、温度、鳟鱼密度、物理栖息地、昼长、和食物供应的昼夜节律周期。我们发现理论必须考虑完整的昼夜节律周期:一个阶段的决策必须考虑其他阶段发生的情况。这样做的三种理论几乎可以重现所有模式,并且它们让个人随着时间的推移调整决策的能力产生了比任何固定行为周期更高的平均适应度。由于个体可以通过在栖息地斑块和活动中进行选择来适应,因此多种行为会产生相似的适应度。我们最成功的理论基于对生存概率和增长率的记忆来选择每个阶段的栖息地和活动:1) 在当天的前三个阶段或 2) 在前几天的每个阶段。一个阶段的决策必须考虑其他阶段发生的情况。这样做的三种理论几乎可以重现所有模式,并且它们让个人随着时间的推移调整决策的能力产生了比任何固定行为周期更高的平均适应度。由于个体可以通过在栖息地斑块和活动中进行选择来适应,因此多种行为会产生相似的适应度。我们最成功的理论基于对生存概率和增长率的记忆来选择每个阶段的栖息地和活动:1) 在当天的前三个阶段或 2) 在前几天的每个阶段。一个阶段的决策必须考虑其他阶段发生的情况。这样做的三种理论几乎可以重现所有模式,并且它们让个人随着时间的推移调整决策的能力产生了比任何固定行为周期更高的平均适应度。由于个体可以通过在栖息地斑块和活动中进行选择来适应,因此多种行为会产生相似的适应度。我们最成功的理论基于对生存概率和增长率的记忆来选择每个阶段的栖息地和活动:1) 在当天的前三个阶段或 2) 在前几天的每个阶段。由于个体可以通过在栖息地斑块和活动中进行选择来适应,因此多种行为会产生相似的适应度。我们最成功的理论基于对生存概率和增长率的记忆来选择每个阶段的栖息地和活动:1) 在当天的前三个阶段或 2) 在前几天的每个阶段。由于个体可以通过在栖息地斑块和活动中进行选择来适应,因此多种行为会产生相似的适应度。我们最成功的理论基于对生存概率和增长率的记忆来选择每个阶段的栖息地和活动:1) 在当天的前三个阶段或 2) 在前几天的每个阶段。
更新日期:2020-07-21
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