The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that performs essential roles in the control of cellular growth and metabolism. TOR acts in two distinct multiprotein complexes, TORC1 and TORC2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2 in humans), which maintain different aspects of cellular homeostasis and orchestrate the cellular responses to diverse environmental challenges. Interest in understanding TOR signaling is further motivated by observations that link aberrant TOR signaling to a variety of diseases, ranging from epilepsy to cancer. In the last few years, driven in large part by recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy, there has been an explosion of available structures of (m)TORC1 and its regulators, as well as several (m)TORC2 structures, derived from both yeast and mammals. In this review, we highlight and summarize the main findings from these reports and discuss both the fascinating and unexpected molecular biology revealed and how this knowledge will potentially contribute to new therapeutic strategies to manipulate signaling through these clinically relevant pathways.

中文翻译：

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对 TOR 信号的结构洞察

雷帕霉素靶点 (TOR) 是一种高度保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶，在控制细胞生长和代谢方面发挥着重要作用。TOR 在两种不同的多蛋白复合物 TORC1 和 TORC2（人类中的 mTORC1 和 mTORC2）中起作用，它们维持细胞稳态的不同方面并协调细胞对不同环境挑战的反应。将异常 TOR 信号与多种疾病（从癫痫到癌症）联系起来的观察结果进一步激发了人们对理解 TOR 信号的兴趣。在过去的几年里，在很大程度上受冷冻电子显微镜的最新进展的推动，(m)TORC1 及其调节因子的可用结构以及几个 (m)TORC2 结构都出现了爆炸式增长，这些结构来自两种酵母和哺乳动物。在这次审查中，